Chemical Substitutes from Agricultural and Industrial By-Products

Suraini Abd-Aziz is Professor at the Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.Misri Gozan is Professor at the Bioprocess Engineering Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim is Associate Professor at the Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.Lai-Yee Phang is Associate Professor at the Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.

• Preface xvAbout the Editors xvii1 A Glance on Biorefinery of Chemical Substitutes from Agriculture and Industrial By-products 1Suraini Abd-Aziz, Misri Gozan, Mohamad F. Ibrahim, Lai-Yee Phang, and Mohd A. Jenol1.1 Introduction 11.2 Analysis of Feedstocks for Composition and Potential for Chemical Substitutes 31.3 Potential Application of Chemical Substitute Extracted from Selected Agricultural Wastes and Industrial By-products 91.4 Conclusions 132 Antioxidants from Agricultural Wastes and their Potential Applications 19Mohd A. Jenol, Yazmin Hussin, Pei H. Chu, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Noorjahan B. Alitheen2.1 Introduction to Antioxidants and their Usages 192.2 Sources of Antioxidants 212.3 Alternative Antioxidants Sources from Agricultural Wastes 222.4 Extraction of Antioxidants from Selected Agricultural Waste 222.5 Potential Applications of Antioxidants Extracted from Selected Agricultural Wastes 302.6 Future Direction of Antioxidants from AgricultureWastes 342.7 Conclusions 353 Lemongrass Oleoresin in Food Flavoring 39Madihah Md Salleh, Shankar Ramanathan, and Rohaya Mohd Noor3.1 Introduction 393.2 Types of Lemongrass and Their Components 403.3 Potential Chemical Substitutes from Lemongrass 423.4 Characteristics and Properties of Oleoresin 443.5 Lemongrass Oleoresin Composition and Function 443.6 Extraction Technique of Lemongrass Oleoresin 463.7 Application of Lemongrass Oleoresin as Food Flavoring 513.8 Oleoresin Prospect 533.9 Conclusions 534 Nanocarbon Material and Chemicals from Seaweed for Energy Storage Components 59Tirto Prakoso, Hary Devianto, Heri Rustamaji, Praswasti PDK Wulan, and Misri Gozan4.1 Introduction 594.2 Source of Seaweed 624.3 Potential Material Substitute from Seaweed 644.4 Utilization of Seaweed-based Material for Energy Storage Component 764.5 Future Prospects and Challenges 824.6 Conclusions 835 Spent Mushroom Substrate as Alternative Source for the Production of Chemical Substitutes 87Vikineswary Sabaratnam, Chia Wei Phan, Hariprasath Lakshmanan, and Jegadeesh Raman5.1 Introduction 875.2 Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) as Source of Bulk Enzymes 905.3 Various Challenges and Future Prospects in the Use of SMS 945.4 Conclusions 976 Essential Oil from Pineapple Wastes 103Mohamad F. Ibrahim, Nurshazana Mohamad, Mariam J. M. Fairus, Mohd A. Jenol, and Suraini Abd-Aziz6.1 Introduction 1036.2 PineappleWastes 1046.3 Pineapple Essential Oil 1056.4 Extraction of Essential Oils 1066.5 Extracted Essential Oil Compounds 1126.6 Conclusions 1177 Chicken Feather as a Bioresource to Produce Value-added Bioproducts 123Kai L. Sim, Radin S. R. Yahaya, Suriana Sabri, and Lai-Yee Phang7.1 Introduction 1237.2 Valorization of Chicken Feathers 1247.3 Bioprocessing of Chicken Feathers into Chemical Substitutes 1287.4 Molecular Approaches to Improve Keratinolytic Propensity of Native Host 1327.5 Molecular Approaches to Improve Recombinant Keratinase Production and Characteristics 1357.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 1387.7 Conclusions 1408 Bio-bleaching Agents Used for Paper and Pulp Produced from the Valorization of Corncob, Wheat Straw, and Bagasse 145Kanya C. H. Alifia, Tjandra Setiadi, Ramaraj Boopathy, Hendro Risdianto, Muhammad Irfan, and Ibnu M. Hidayatullah8.1 Introduction 1458.2 Characteristics of Biomass Substrate for Bio-bleaching Enzyme Production 1468.3 Microbial Sources of Bio-bleaching Enzymes 1488.4 Bio-bleaching Enzymes and Their Usage in Pulp and Paper Industry 1508.5 Bioprocessing of AgriculturalWastes for Bio-bleaching Enzyme Production 1548.6 Techno-economic Evaluation 1598.7 Challenges and Future Outlooks 1658.8 Conclusions 1679 Recovery of Industrially Useful Enzymes from Rubber Latex Processing By-products 173Tan W. Kit, Yong Y. Seng, Siti N. Azlan, Nurulhuda Abdullah, and Fadzlie W. F. Wong9.1 Introduction 1739.2 Processing of Natural Rubber Latex for the Production of Rubber Products 1759.3 General Characteristics of Plant-derived Lysozymes and Chitinases 1779.4 Conventional and Alternative Activity Assays for Lysozymes and Chitinases 1789.5 Potential Application of Plant-derived Lysozymes and Chitinases 1829.6 Potential Strategy for Recovering Lysozymes and Chitinases from NRL 1829.7 Conclusions 18710 Sago Wastes as a Feedstock for Biosugar, Precursor for Chemical Substitutes 193Mohd A. Jenol, Muhd N. Ahmad, Dayang S. A. Adeni, Micky Vincent, and Nurashikin Suhaili10.1 Introduction 19310.2 Current Status of Sago Starch Industry 19410.3 SagoWastes Biomass 19610.4 Bioconversion of SagoWastes into Biosugars and its Derivative Precursors 20010.5 Bioprocessing SagoWastes Fermentable Sugar for Chemicals Substitute 20210.6 Challenges and Prospect of SagoWastes Biorefinery 20710.7 Conclusions 20911 Biofertilizer and Other Chemical Substitutes from Sugarcane By-products 213Is Fatimah, Ganjar Fadillah, Tatang S. Julianto, Rudy Syahputra, and Habibi Hidayat11.1 Introduction 21311.2 Sugarcane By-products Conversion into Biofertilizer 21611.3 Sugarcane Bagasse as Raw Material for Soil Improver: Phenol Degradation 21811.4 Sugarcane By-products Conversion into Chemical 22311.5 Sugarcane By-product as Material for Biocomposites 22711.6 Future Perspective of Sugarcane By-products Conversion in the Sugarcane Industrial Cycle 22811.7 Future Usage and Applications of Sugarcane By-products 22911.8 Conclusions 23012 Cocoa Butter Substitute from Tengkawang (Shorea stenoptera) 235Muhammad A. Darmawan, Suraini Abd-Aziz, and Misri Gozan12.1 Introduction 23512.2 Composition and Characteristics of Tengkawang Butter 23712.3 Traditional Treatment Process 24112.4 Extraction and Purification Process of Tengkawang 24212.5 Economic Feasibility Based on Process Simulation 24412.6 Benefits and Future Outlook of Tengkawang Butter 24912.7 Conclusions 25013 Bio-succinic Acid Production from Biomass and their Applications 255Abdullah A. I. Luthfi, Jian P. Tan, Wen X. Woo, Nurul A. Bukhari, and Hikmah B. Hariz13.1 Introduction 25513.2 Valorization of Biomass to Bio-succinic Acid 25713.3 Bio-succinic Acid as Fermentative Metabolite 26013.4 Purification and Recovery of Succinic Acid 26713.5 Application of Bio-succinic Acid 27213.6 Conclusions 27314 Furfural and Derivatives from Bagasse and Corncob 279Muryanto Muryanto, Yanni Sudiyani, Andre F. P. Harahap, and Misri Gozan14.1 Introduction 27914.2 Furfural as a Building Block Material 28014.3 Furfural Derivatives 28114.4 Lignocellulosic Biomass as Raw Material for Furfural Production 28514.5 Furfural Production 28814.6 Techno-economical Aspect 29514.7 Future Trends 29614.8 Conclusions 29715 Levulinic and Formic Acids from Rice Straw and Sugarcane Bagasse 301Jabosar R. H. Panjaitan and Misri Gozan15.1 Introduction 30115.2 Potential of Biomass Source for the Production of Levulinic and Formic Acids 30415.3 Levulinic Dan Formic Acids Formation 30615.4 Pretreatment and Production Technologies 30615.5 Purification Technologies 30915.6 Economic Feasibilities 31215.7 Case Studies 31315.8 Conclusions 31416 Cellulase as Biocatalyst Produced from Agricultural Wastes 319Wichanee Bankeeree, Suraini Abd-Aziz, Sehanat Prasongsuk, Pongtharin Lotrakul, Syahriar NMM Ibrahim, and Hunsa Punnapayak16.1 Introduction 31916.2 Cellulases Diversity 32016.3 Cellulase-producing Microorganisms 32316.4 Cellulase Properties 32516.5 Strategies to Improve Cellulase Production 32616.6 Techno-economic Analysis to Produce Biofuels 33116.7 Conclusions 33217 Conversion of Glycerol Derived from Biodiesel Production to Butanol and 1,3-Propanediol 337Prawit Kongjan, Alissara Reungsang, and Sureewan Sittijunda17.1 Introduction 33717.2 Crude Glycerol Characteristics and Impurities 33817.3 Bioconversion of Crude Glycerol into Butanol and 1,3-Propanediol 34017.4 Purification and Recovery of 1,3-Propanediol and Butanol 34317.5 Applications of 1,3-Propanediol and Butanol 34617.6 Challenges and Future Perspective 34817.7 Conclusions 34918 Sustainability of Chemical Substitutes from Agricultural and Industrial By-products 355Lai-Yee Phang, Suraini Abd-Aziz, Misri Gozan, and Mohamad F. Ibrahim18.1 Introduction 35518.2 Sustainable Development Strategies, Policies and Regulations in Indonesia and Malaysia 35818.3 Case Study 1: Techno-economic Analysis for the Production of Cellulase 36018.4 Case Study 2: Techno-economic Analysis for the Production of Biofertilizer 36418.5 Challenges and Market Opportunities 36818.6 Conclusions 369References 370Index 375