Minghua Chen, PhD, is Associate Dean of the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Harbin University of Science and Technology and Deputy Director of Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectric and Applications, Ministry of Education, China. He has published widely on energy storage and conversion and related topics.

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xv1 Introduction 1Minghua Chen and Yu Li2 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies 3Minghua Chen and Yu Li2.1 Typical Battery Patterns and Corresponding Functions 32.2 Operating Mechanism of Devices 72.3 Critical Parameters and Design Proposal 152.4 Common Investigation Technologies 172.5 Common Design Strategies for High-Performance Electrode Materials 213 Lithium-Ion Batteries 31Yu Li and Minghua Chen3.1 Brief Introduction 313.2 Cathode Materials 333.3 Anode Materials 393.4 Application and Critical Challenges 464 Sodium-Ion Batteries 55Huihua Li and Hongxu Qv4.1 Introduction 554.2 Energy Storage Mechanism 564.3 Cathode Materials 574.4 Anode Materials 874.5 Electrolyte 1034.6 Sodium-Ion Batteries at Extreme Temperatures 1074.7 Other Na-Based Technologies 1094.8 Summary and Outlook 1155 All-Solid-State Batteries 137Yixin Wu, Yang Wang, Zhen Chen, and Minghua Chen5.1 Introduction 1375.2 Ion Transport Mechanism 1395.3 Key Performance Parameters 1435.4 Classification of Solid Electrolytes 1465.5 Practical Problems and Critical Challenges 1865.6 Practical Advances in Electric Vehicles and Other Areas 1936 Lithium-Sulfur Battery 211Saisai Qiu and Minghua Chen6.1 Fundamental Understanding of Li-S Batteries 2146.2 Sulfur Cathode 2176.3 Electrolyte 2246.4 Anode 2346.5 Li-S Pouch Cell Analysis 2397 Aqueous Multivalent Metal Ion Batteries: Fundamental Mechanism and Applications 249Xingyu Zhao, Chunyang Yang, and Minghua Chen7.1 Introduction 2497.2 Classification Based on Energy Storage Mechanism 2507.3 Highly Stable and Energetic Cathodes 2577.4 Strategies for Dendrite-Free Metal Anodes 2627.5 Strategies for Designing Electrolytes 2657.6 Design Strategies for Extreme Temperatures 2737.7 Practical Progress in Grid-Scale Energy Storage and Wearable Devices 2818 Li-O2 and Li-CO2 Batteries 289Fan Wang and Minghua Chen8.1 Introduction 2898.2 The Mechanism for Li-O2 and Li-CO2 Batteries 2918.3 Design Strategy of Cathode Materials 3008.4 Electrolyte and Electrolyte Stability 3128.5 Stable Anode/Electrolyte Interface Construction 3208.6 Application Potential Analysis 3239 Supercapacitors 331Jiawei Zhang and Minghua Chen9.1 Brief Introduction 3319.2 Energy Storage Mechanism 3319.3 Electrode Materials 3419.4 Electrolytes 3549.5 Conclusion 36210 Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices 369Jiawei Zhang, Mingxing Zhang, and Minghua Chen10.1 Introduction 36910.2 Classification Based on Energy Storage Mechanism 37010.3 Key Scientific Problems 37410.4 Electrode Materials 38210.5 Microgrid Energy Storage 38710.6 Summary and Perspectives 38911 Fuel Cells 395Yuqing Wang and Minghua Chen11.1 Overview 39511.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 39911.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 40911.4 Alkaline Fuel Cells 42311.5 Other Fuel Cells 43411.6 Fuel Cell Systems 437References 442Index 449

Minghua Chen, PhD, is Associate Dean of the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Harbin University of Science and Technology and Deputy Director of Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectric and Applications, Ministry of Education, China. He has published widely on energy storage and conversion and related topics.

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xv1 Introduction 1Minghua Chen and Yu Li2 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies 3Minghua Chen and Yu Li2.1 Typical Battery Patterns and Corresponding Functions 32.2 Operating Mechanism of Devices 72.3 Critical Parameters and Design Proposal 152.4 Common Investigation Technologies 172.5 Common Design Strategies for High-Performance Electrode Materials 213 Lithium-Ion Batteries 31Yu Li and Minghua Chen3.1 Brief Introduction 313.2 Cathode Materials 333.3 Anode Materials 393.4 Application and Critical Challenges 464 Sodium-Ion Batteries 55Huihua Li and Hongxu Qv4.1 Introduction 554.2 Energy Storage Mechanism 564.3 Cathode Materials 574.4 Anode Materials 874.5 Electrolyte 1034.6 Sodium-Ion Batteries at Extreme Temperatures 1074.7 Other Na-Based Technologies 1094.8 Summary and Outlook 1155 All-Solid-State Batteries 137Yixin Wu, Yang Wang, Zhen Chen, and Minghua Chen5.1 Introduction 1375.2 Ion Transport Mechanism 1395.3 Key Performance Parameters 1435.4 Classification of Solid Electrolytes 1465.5 Practical Problems and Critical Challenges 1865.6 Practical Advances in Electric Vehicles and Other Areas 1936 Lithium-Sulfur Battery 211Saisai Qiu and Minghua Chen6.1 Fundamental Understanding of Li-S Batteries 2146.2 Sulfur Cathode 2176.3 Electrolyte 2246.4 Anode 2346.5 Li-S Pouch Cell Analysis 2397 Aqueous Multivalent Metal Ion Batteries: Fundamental Mechanism and Applications 249Xingyu Zhao, Chunyang Yang, and Minghua Chen7.1 Introduction 2497.2 Classification Based on Energy Storage Mechanism 2507.3 Highly Stable and Energetic Cathodes 2577.4 Strategies for Dendrite-Free Metal Anodes 2627.5 Strategies for Designing Electrolytes 2657.6 Design Strategies for Extreme Temperatures 2737.7 Practical Progress in Grid-Scale Energy Storage and Wearable Devices 2818 Li-O2 and Li-CO2 Batteries 289Fan Wang and Minghua Chen8.1 Introduction 2898.2 The Mechanism for Li-O2 and Li-CO2 Batteries 2918.3 Design Strategy of Cathode Materials 3008.4 Electrolyte and Electrolyte Stability 3128.5 Stable Anode/Electrolyte Interface Construction 3208.6 Application Potential Analysis 3239 Supercapacitors 331Jiawei Zhang and Minghua Chen9.1 Brief Introduction 3319.2 Energy Storage Mechanism 3319.3 Electrode Materials 3419.4 Electrolytes 3549.5 Conclusion 36210 Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices 369Jiawei Zhang, Mingxing Zhang, and Minghua Chen10.1 Introduction 36910.2 Classification Based on Energy Storage Mechanism 37010.3 Key Scientific Problems 37410.4 Electrode Materials 38210.5 Microgrid Energy Storage 38710.6 Summary and Perspectives 38911 Fuel Cells 395Yuqing Wang and Minghua Chen11.1 Overview 39511.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 39911.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 40911.4 Alkaline Fuel Cells 42311.5 Other Fuel Cells 43411.6 Fuel Cell Systems 437References 442Index 449

Minghua Chen, PhD, is Associate Dean of the School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Harbin University of Science and Technology and Deputy Director of Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectric and Applications, Ministry of Education, China. He has published widely on energy storage and conversion and related topics.

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xv1 Introduction 1Minghua Chen and Yu Li2 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies 3Minghua Chen and Yu Li2.1 Typical Battery Patterns and Corresponding Functions 32.2 Operating Mechanism of Devices 72.3 Critical Parameters and Design Proposal 152.4 Common Investigation Technologies 172.5 Common Design Strategies for High-Performance Electrode Materials 213 Lithium-Ion Batteries 31Yu Li and Minghua Chen3.1 Brief Introduction 313.2 Cathode Materials 333.3 Anode Materials 393.4 Application and Critical Challenges 464 Sodium-Ion Batteries 55Huihua Li and Hongxu Qv4.1 Introduction 554.2 Energy Storage Mechanism 564.3 Cathode Materials 574.4 Anode Materials 874.5 Electrolyte 1034.6 Sodium-Ion Batteries at Extreme Temperatures 1074.7 Other Na-Based Technologies 1094.8 Summary and Outlook 1155 All-Solid-State Batteries 137Yixin Wu, Yang Wang, Zhen Chen, and Minghua Chen5.1 Introduction 1375.2 Ion Transport Mechanism 1395.3 Key Performance Parameters 1435.4 Classification of Solid Electrolytes 1465.5 Practical Problems and Critical Challenges 1865.6 Practical Advances in Electric Vehicles and Other Areas 1936 Lithium-Sulfur Battery 211Saisai Qiu and Minghua Chen6.1 Fundamental Understanding of Li-S Batteries 2146.2 Sulfur Cathode 2176.3 Electrolyte 2246.4 Anode 2346.5 Li-S Pouch Cell Analysis 2397 Aqueous Multivalent Metal Ion Batteries: Fundamental Mechanism and Applications 249Xingyu Zhao, Chunyang Yang, and Minghua Chen7.1 Introduction 2497.2 Classification Based on Energy Storage Mechanism 2507.3 Highly Stable and Energetic Cathodes 2577.4 Strategies for Dendrite-Free Metal Anodes 2627.5 Strategies for Designing Electrolytes 2657.6 Design Strategies for Extreme Temperatures 2737.7 Practical Progress in Grid-Scale Energy Storage and Wearable Devices 2818 Li-O2 and Li-CO2 Batteries 289Fan Wang and Minghua Chen8.1 Introduction 2898.2 The Mechanism for Li-O2 and Li-CO2 Batteries 2918.3 Design Strategy of Cathode Materials 3008.4 Electrolyte and Electrolyte Stability 3128.5 Stable Anode/Electrolyte Interface Construction 3208.6 Application Potential Analysis 3239 Supercapacitors 331Jiawei Zhang and Minghua Chen9.1 Brief Introduction 3319.2 Energy Storage Mechanism 3319.3 Electrode Materials 3419.4 Electrolytes 3549.5 Conclusion 36210 Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices 369Jiawei Zhang, Mingxing Zhang, and Minghua Chen10.1 Introduction 36910.2 Classification Based on Energy Storage Mechanism 37010.3 Key Scientific Problems 37410.4 Electrode Materials 38210.5 Microgrid Energy Storage 38710.6 Summary and Perspectives 38911 Fuel Cells 395Yuqing Wang and Minghua Chen11.1 Overview 39511.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 39911.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 40911.4 Alkaline Fuel Cells 42311.5 Other Fuel Cells 43411.6 Fuel Cell Systems 437References 442Index 449