Superamphiphobic Surfaces

Junping Zhang, PhD, is Professor at the Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). His research interests include the preparation and applications of functional coatings and 3D porous materials with superwettability based on silanes and silicates. Mohammad Shahid, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF) in Vaddeswaram, India. His research interests focus on biomaterials, functional textiles, and surfaces.

• Preface xiAbout the Editors xvPart I Fundamentals 11 Fundamental Understandings of Superamphiphobicity 3Hui Liu, Qing Xu, Chengyuan Zhang, Jianying Huang, and Yuekun Lai1.1 Natural Creatures with Special Wettability 31.2 Characterization of Wettability 41.2.1 Static Contact Angle 41.2.2 Contact Angle Hysteresis 61.3 The Mechanism for Superamphiphobicity 71.3.1 Chemical Composition 71.3.2 Special Rough Morphology 121.4 Summary and Outlook 15Acknowledgments 15References 162 Mechanical Durability of Superamphiphobic Surfaces: Fundamentals 21Lin Liu and Pu Mingjie2.1 Introduction 212.2 Theory of Wetting 222.2.1 Wetting Parameters 222.2.2 Wetting Models 222.2.3 Categories of Superamphiphobic Mechanical Durability 232.3 Mechanical Durability Influenced by Key Parameters 242.3.1 Wear Resistance 242.3.2 Coating Adhesion 262.3.3 Impact Toughness 272.4 Common Characterization Methods for Mechanical Durability 272.4.1 Nanoscratching Test 272.4.2 Abrasion Test 292.4.3 Impact Test 302.4.4 Washing Test 312.4.5 Tape Stripping Test 332.5 Strategies to Improve Mechanical Durability 332.5.1 Stable Construction to Enhance Mechanical Durability 332.5.2 Surface Chemical Modulation to Improve Mechanical Durability 352.5.3 Enhancing Binding Force between Substrate and Coating 352.5.4 Using Multifunctional Coatings to Strengthen Mechanical Durability 362.6 Summary and Outlook 38References 39Part II Fabrication 433 Advanced Techniques for Fabrication of Superamphiphobic Surfaces 45Sanjay S. Latthe, Akshay R. Jundle, Pradip P. Gaikwad, Sagar S. Ingole, Rutuja A. Ekunde, Rajaram S. Sutar, Ruimin Xing, and Shanhu Liu3.1 Introduction 453.2 Fabrication Methods 463.2.1 Spray Coating Strategies 463.2.2 Electrospinning 513.2.3 Etching 533.2.4 Lithography 563.2.5 Dip Coating 583.2.6 Sol–gel Method 623.2.7 Template-assisted Synthesis 663.3 Conclusion 69Acknowledgments 69References 704 Superamphiphobic Polymeric Surfaces: Progress and Advances in Fabrication Methods 75Irshad Kammakakam and Abubakkar Saddeeq4.1 Introduction 754.2 The Fabrication of Superamphiphobic Polymeric Surfaces 784.2.1 Post-modification of Pre-roughened Substrates 784.2.2 Post-roughness of Pre-modified Substrates 864.2.3 Introducing Surface Superamphiphobicity in a Single Step 884.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 90References 915 Superamphiphobic Surfaces Based on Natural Nanomaterials 97Junping Zhang, Bucheng Li, Jian Lin, and Jinfei Wei5.1 Introduction 975.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces Based on Natural Clay Minerals 985.2.1 Attapulgite 995.2.2 Halloysite Nanotubes 1045.2.3 Kaolin 1065.2.4 Montmorillonite and Other Clay Minerals 1085.3 Superamphiphobic Surfaces Based on Natural Polymeric Nanomaterials 1095.4 Superamphiphobic Surfaces Based on Other Natural Materials 1115.5 Advantages and Challenges 1135.6 Prospects and Outlook 114References 1156 Superamphiphobic Fabrics 123Ning Tian and Junping Zhang6.1 Introduction 1236.2 Design Principles of Superamphiphobic Fabrics 1246.2.1 Design of Low Surface Energy Materials 1246.2.2 Design of Surface Structures 1256.3 Fabrication Methods of Superamphiphobic Fabrics 1266.3.1 Dip-coating 1266.3.2 Spray-coating 1286.3.3 Chemical/Plasma Etching 1296.3.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition 1306.4 Testing of Superamphiphobic Fabrics 1316.5 Functional Applications of Superamphiphobic Fabrics 1326.5.1 Self-cleaning 1326.5.2 Flame Retardancy 1336.5.3 Protective Clothing 1346.5.4 Antibacterial Properties 1366.5.5 Oil–Water Separation 1376.5.6 Antifouling 1376.6 Challenges and Perspectives 138References 1397 Superamphiphobic Surfaces by Electrochemical Processes 145Frédéric Guittard and Thierry Darmanin7.1 Introduction 1457.2 Chemical Etching 1467.3 Anodizing 1487.4 Electrodeposition 1497.4.1 Metals 1497.4.2 Conducting Polymers (Electropolymerization) 1547.5 Conclusion 158References 159Part III Performances 1638 Mechanically Durable Superamphiphobic Surfaces 165Youfa Zhang, Yage Xia, and Xuan Jiao8.1 Introduction 1658.2 Enhancement Strategies of Superamphiphobic Surface 1678.2.1 Organic/Inorganic Binder Reinforcement Superamphiphobic Surface 1678.2.2 Self-similar Structure Superamphiphobic Surface 1708.2.3 Framework Structure of a Superamphiphobic Surface 1708.2.4 Self-repairing Superamphiphobic Surface 1728.2.5 Coupling Hardness with Softness Superamphiphobic Surface 1748.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 177References 1789 Impalement-resistant Superamphiphobic Surfaces 181Bucheng Li and Junping Zhang9.1 Introduction 1819.2 Impalement-resistant Superamphiphobic Surfaces 1829.2.1 Special Structures 1829.2.2 Surface Chemical Enhancement 1889.3 Applications of Impalement-resistant Superamphiphobic Surfaces 1919.3.1 Self-cleaning 1919.3.2 Corrosion Resistance 1919.3.3 Anti-icing 1929.3.4 Antibacterial and Antifouling 1949.3.5 Microfluidic Manipulation 1949.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 195References 19610 Self-healing Superamphiphobic Surfaces 201Binbin Zhang10.1 Introduction 20110.2 Self-healing Methods and Mechanisms 20210.2.1 Self-healing of Low-surface Energy Substances 20210.2.2 Releasable Capsule Self-healing 20510.2.3 Shape-memory Polymer Self-healing 20610.2.4 Dynamic Reversible Molecular Self-healing 20810.3 Conclusion and Outlooks 210Acknowledgments 212Conflict of Interest 212References 212Part IV Applications 21711 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Anti-icing and De-icing 219Longquan Chen, Yile Wang, Minglu Dai, Ran Tao, and Yakang Jin11.1 Static and Dynamic Wetting on Superamphiphobic Surfaces 21911.1.1 Static Wetting on Superamphiphobic Surfaces 21911.1.2 Wetting Dynamics on Superamphiphobic Surfaces 22111.2 Icing and Frosting Phenomena on Solid Surfaces 22711.2.1 Fundamentals of Droplet Freezing on Solid Surfaces 22711.2.2 Anti-icing Performance of Superamphiphobic Surfaces 23011.2.3 Antifrosting Function of Superamphiphobic Surfaces 23311.3 Ice Adhesion on Superamphiphobic Surfaces 23511.3.1 Test Methods 23511.3.2 Icephobic Performance of Superamphiphobic Surfaces 23611.4 Concluding Remarks 239References 24012 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Self-cleaning and Antifouling 249Parinaz Salehikahrizsangi and Mohamad Reza Nasresfahani12.1 Introduction 24912.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Antifouling 25012.2.1 Marine Equipments 25012.2.2 Separation Membranes 25112.2.3 Food Industry 25312.2.4 Clean Energy Transitions 25312.2.5 Oil and Gas Industry 25412.3 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Self-cleaning 25512.3.1 Optical Devices 25512.3.2 Medical Equipment 25512.3.3 Outdoor Surfaces 25712.3.4 Self-cleaning Fabrics 25712.4 Current Status and Future Research Directions 257References 25813 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Corrosion Protection 263Jian Li, Xuerui Zhao, Wei Zhang, and Kefan Huang13.1 Introduction 26313.2 Applications of Superamphiphobic Surfaces in Corrosion Protection 26413.2.1 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Metal Corrosion Protection 26513.2.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Building Material Corrosion Protection 27013.2.3 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Fabric Corrosion Protection 27413.2.4 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Other Substrate Corrosion Protection 27913.3 Conclusion and Outlook 281References 28214 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for the Sustained Maintenance of Building Materials 289Yijian Cao, Cong Wang, Hongyi Chen, and Mara Camaiti14.1 Building Materials Degradation 28914.1.1 Phenomena and Mechanisms 28914.1.2 The Damaging Effects of Water and Water Inhibition 29114.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Building Materials 29214.2.1 Considerations and Requirements Concerning Historical Buildings and Stone Artifacts 29214.2.2 Superamphiphobic Surfaces for Building Materials 29314.3 Key Bottlenecks and Improvement Strategies 29714.3.1 Key Bottlenecks 29714.3.2 Improvement Strategies 30114.4 Conclusion and Perspective 308Acknowledgments 308References 309Part V Challenges and Prospects 31315 Current Challenges and Prospects in Superamphiphobic Surfaces Technology 315Wanshun Deng, Rui Guo, and Shuaijun Pan15.1 Introduction 31515.2 Main Challenges of Current SAP Materials 31615.2.1 Limitations of Current Wetting Model 31615.2.2 Negative Impacts of Perfluorinated Compounds 31715.2.3 Mechanical Fragility 31915.2.4 Chemical Instability 32115.2.5 Challenges in Scalable Production 32315.2.6 Other Problems 32315.3 Future Prospects 32515.3.1 Utilizing Advanced Technologies in the Development of SAP Materials 32515.3.2 Environment-friendly Production of SAP Surfaces 32715.3.3 Stable and Healable SAP Surfaces 32815.3.4 Interdisciplinary Applications 33015.4 Conclusion 332Author Contributions 333Acknowledgments 333References 333Index 339