Takaomi Kobayashi is Dean of the Department of Science of Technology Innovation and professor at Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan, conducting research on functional material chemistry for building a sustainable society. Duangdao Aht-Ong is Head of the Department of Materials Science at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, specializing in biobased plastics with focus on biodegradability, nano-structure control, polymer composites, materials recycling, and agricultural waste re-uses. Siti Baidurah is a senior lecturer at Universiti Sains Malaysia whose research focuses on biopolymer processes using biotechnology for biodegradation and biomass fuel applications. Thi Cam Trang Truong is a Senior Lecturer at Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City whose research focuses on biomass-based polymer materials with water remediation functionality.

• Preface xix1 Biopolymers as Sustainable Materials—Overview 1Takaomi Kobayashi2 Biomass Polymers from Waste Plants Rooted in an Upcycling-Oriented Society 25Duangdao Aht-Ong, Kamonwan Pacaphol, and Pitcha Liewchirakorn3 The Role of Bioplastics in Supporting a Circular Economy and the SDGs 51Mami Katsumi and Takaomi Kobayashi4 Biomass Source for Cellulose Production: Characterization and Utilization 75Phan Huy Hoang5 Cellulose Materials Re-Sourced from Agriculture Crops and Food Industry Wastes 95Takaomi Kobayashi and Ayano Ibaraki6 Bioconversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Biomass Through Agricultural Activities 119Mohd. Rashid Mohd. Rakib, Mohamad Zaihan Zailan, Candyrine Su Chui Len, Clament Fui Seung Chin, Giloi Yap BeAnn, Aubrey Mei Li Lee, Nur Nazratul Fareha Mohd. Yasid, and Dylan Nathaneal Jeory7 Chitosan As a Sustainable Resource and Its Biomass Polymer Composite for Chitosan Preparation and Their Functional Properties 147Trang Thi Cam Truong, Tu Minh Tran Vo, and Khoa Dang Nguyen8 Chitin Biomaterials: Regenerated from Insects and Their Hydrogel Films as an Alternative Source from Marine Arthropods 183Guillermo Ignacio Guangorena Zarzosa9 Chitin Nanofibers: An Exploration of Preparation, Characterization, and Innovative Applications 213Anyaporn Boonmahitthisud and Supachok Tanpichai10 Insect Source of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biomass Polymer Materials 233Norhakimah Soad, Mohamad Ibrahim Mohamad Isa, and Hadura Abu Hasan11 Oil Palm Biomass Transformation into Valuable Biomolecules: Status and Advancement Methods 261Nur Aqilah Ismail, Priscillia Ann David, Chandrika Visallane Chandiran, Ahmed Ayesha Fatima, Nur Alia Hasnizam, and Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain12 Pectin Sourced from Fruit Waste 289Takaomi Kobayashi13 Pectin Biopolymers Originate from Food Waste and Their Innovative Advancements 317Trang Thi Cam Truong, Keita Nakajima, Tu Minh Tran Vo, Tapanee Chuenkaek, and Khoa Dang Nguyen14 Seaweed-Based Polymers: Sustainable Sourcing, Characterization, and Utilization for Biomaterial Applications 341Dzulaikha Khairuddin, Anati Wardina Johari, Muhammad Farouk Harman, Nur Syazwina Kamarozaman, Muhammad Emir Fayed Mohd Fuaad, Mohammad Alif Asyraaf Mohammad Illahi, and Marfiah Ab Wahid15 Sulfated Polysaccharides-Based Algal Seaweed Wastes and Their Aqueous Solution Properties and Cyto-Activity 367Takaomi Kobayashi, Takumi Saitoh, Reiji Matsuda, and Seitarou Matsuda16 Natural Rubber: Biomass and Its Sustainable Resources and Functional Properties 395Seiichi Kawahara and Yoshimasa Yamamoto17 Natural Rubber Materials and Composites 413Kanoktip Boonkerd, Chesidi Hayichelaeh, and Apinya Krainoi18 Peptide Activity for Sustainable Food Preservation and Its Classification and Characterization 441Kaiser Mahmood, Ainil Hawa Jasni, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Yus Aniza Yusof, and Hanisah Kamilah19 Bacterial Cellulose Obtained Through Fermentation Culture Contributing to a Circular Society 467Siriporn Taokaew and Takaomi Kobayashi20 Polyhydroxyalkanoate: Production Using Agro-Industrial Wastes in Malaysia 485Siti Baidurah21 Carbonization of Biomass and Their Upcycling for Material Application 501Mohamad Yusof Idroas, M.A. Agge, M. A. Miskam, K. A. Al-Attab, Y. H. Teoh, M. I. Ramdan, and Nor Irwin BasirReferences 519Index 525

Takaomi Kobayashi is Dean of the Department of Science of Technology Innovation and professor at Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan, conducting research on functional material chemistry for building a sustainable society. Duangdao Aht-Ong is Head of the Department of Materials Science at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, specializing in biobased plastics with focus on biodegradability, nano-structure control, polymer composites, materials recycling, and agricultural waste re-uses. Siti Baidurah is a senior lecturer at Universiti Sains Malaysia whose research focuses on biopolymer processes using biotechnology for biodegradation and biomass fuel applications. Thi Cam Trang Truong is a Senior Lecturer at Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City whose research focuses on biomass-based polymer materials with water remediation functionality.

• Preface xix1 Biopolymers as Sustainable Materials—Overview 1Takaomi Kobayashi2 Biomass Polymers from Waste Plants Rooted in an Upcycling-Oriented Society 25Duangdao Aht-Ong, Kamonwan Pacaphol, and Pitcha Liewchirakorn3 The Role of Bioplastics in Supporting a Circular Economy and the SDGs 51Mami Katsumi and Takaomi Kobayashi4 Biomass Source for Cellulose Production: Characterization and Utilization 75Phan Huy Hoang5 Cellulose Materials Re-Sourced from Agriculture Crops and Food Industry Wastes 95Takaomi Kobayashi and Ayano Ibaraki6 Bioconversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Biomass Through Agricultural Activities 119Mohd. Rashid Mohd. Rakib, Mohamad Zaihan Zailan, Candyrine Su Chui Len, Clament Fui Seung Chin, Giloi Yap BeAnn, Aubrey Mei Li Lee, Nur Nazratul Fareha Mohd. Yasid, and Dylan Nathaneal Jeory7 Chitosan As a Sustainable Resource and Its Biomass Polymer Composite for Chitosan Preparation and Their Functional Properties 147Trang Thi Cam Truong, Tu Minh Tran Vo, and Khoa Dang Nguyen8 Chitin Biomaterials: Regenerated from Insects and Their Hydrogel Films as an Alternative Source from Marine Arthropods 183Guillermo Ignacio Guangorena Zarzosa9 Chitin Nanofibers: An Exploration of Preparation, Characterization, and Innovative Applications 213Anyaporn Boonmahitthisud and Supachok Tanpichai10 Insect Source of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biomass Polymer Materials 233Norhakimah Soad, Mohamad Ibrahim Mohamad Isa, and Hadura Abu Hasan11 Oil Palm Biomass Transformation into Valuable Biomolecules: Status and Advancement Methods 261Nur Aqilah Ismail, Priscillia Ann David, Chandrika Visallane Chandiran, Ahmed Ayesha Fatima, Nur Alia Hasnizam, and Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain12 Pectin Sourced from Fruit Waste 289Takaomi Kobayashi13 Pectin Biopolymers Originate from Food Waste and Their Innovative Advancements 317Trang Thi Cam Truong, Keita Nakajima, Tu Minh Tran Vo, Tapanee Chuenkaek, and Khoa Dang Nguyen14 Seaweed-Based Polymers: Sustainable Sourcing, Characterization, and Utilization for Biomaterial Applications 341Dzulaikha Khairuddin, Anati Wardina Johari, Muhammad Farouk Harman, Nur Syazwina Kamarozaman, Muhammad Emir Fayed Mohd Fuaad, Mohammad Alif Asyraaf Mohammad Illahi, and Marfiah Ab Wahid15 Sulfated Polysaccharides-Based Algal Seaweed Wastes and Their Aqueous Solution Properties and Cyto-Activity 367Takaomi Kobayashi, Takumi Saitoh, Reiji Matsuda, and Seitarou Matsuda16 Natural Rubber: Biomass and Its Sustainable Resources and Functional Properties 395Seiichi Kawahara and Yoshimasa Yamamoto17 Natural Rubber Materials and Composites 413Kanoktip Boonkerd, Chesidi Hayichelaeh, and Apinya Krainoi18 Peptide Activity for Sustainable Food Preservation and Its Classification and Characterization 441Kaiser Mahmood, Ainil Hawa Jasni, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Yus Aniza Yusof, and Hanisah Kamilah19 Bacterial Cellulose Obtained Through Fermentation Culture Contributing to a Circular Society 467Siriporn Taokaew and Takaomi Kobayashi20 Polyhydroxyalkanoate: Production Using Agro-Industrial Wastes in Malaysia 485Siti Baidurah21 Carbonization of Biomass and Their Upcycling for Material Application 501Mohamad Yusof Idroas, M.A. Agge, M. A. Miskam, K. A. Al-Attab, Y. H. Teoh, M. I. Ramdan, and Nor Irwin BasirReferences 519Index 525

Takaomi Kobayashi is Dean of the Department of Science of Technology Innovation and professor at Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan, conducting research on functional material chemistry for building a sustainable society. Duangdao Aht-Ong is Head of the Department of Materials Science at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, specializing in biobased plastics with focus on biodegradability, nano-structure control, polymer composites, materials recycling, and agricultural waste re-uses. Siti Baidurah is a senior lecturer at Universiti Sains Malaysia whose research focuses on biopolymer processes using biotechnology for biodegradation and biomass fuel applications. Thi Cam Trang Truong is a Senior Lecturer at Vietnam National University of Ho Chi Minh City whose research focuses on biomass-based polymer materials with water remediation functionality.

• Preface xix1 Biopolymers as Sustainable Materials—Overview 1Takaomi Kobayashi2 Biomass Polymers from Waste Plants Rooted in an Upcycling-Oriented Society 25Duangdao Aht-Ong, Kamonwan Pacaphol, and Pitcha Liewchirakorn3 The Role of Bioplastics in Supporting a Circular Economy and the SDGs 51Mami Katsumi and Takaomi Kobayashi4 Biomass Source for Cellulose Production: Characterization and Utilization 75Phan Huy Hoang5 Cellulose Materials Re-Sourced from Agriculture Crops and Food Industry Wastes 95Takaomi Kobayashi and Ayano Ibaraki6 Bioconversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Biomass Through Agricultural Activities 119Mohd. Rashid Mohd. Rakib, Mohamad Zaihan Zailan, Candyrine Su Chui Len, Clament Fui Seung Chin, Giloi Yap BeAnn, Aubrey Mei Li Lee, Nur Nazratul Fareha Mohd. Yasid, and Dylan Nathaneal Jeory7 Chitosan As a Sustainable Resource and Its Biomass Polymer Composite for Chitosan Preparation and Their Functional Properties 147Trang Thi Cam Truong, Tu Minh Tran Vo, and Khoa Dang Nguyen8 Chitin Biomaterials: Regenerated from Insects and Their Hydrogel Films as an Alternative Source from Marine Arthropods 183Guillermo Ignacio Guangorena Zarzosa9 Chitin Nanofibers: An Exploration of Preparation, Characterization, and Innovative Applications 213Anyaporn Boonmahitthisud and Supachok Tanpichai10 Insect Source of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Biomass Polymer Materials 233Norhakimah Soad, Mohamad Ibrahim Mohamad Isa, and Hadura Abu Hasan11 Oil Palm Biomass Transformation into Valuable Biomolecules: Status and Advancement Methods 261Nur Aqilah Ismail, Priscillia Ann David, Chandrika Visallane Chandiran, Ahmed Ayesha Fatima, Nur Alia Hasnizam, and Mohamad Shazeli Che Zain12 Pectin Sourced from Fruit Waste 289Takaomi Kobayashi13 Pectin Biopolymers Originate from Food Waste and Their Innovative Advancements 317Trang Thi Cam Truong, Keita Nakajima, Tu Minh Tran Vo, Tapanee Chuenkaek, and Khoa Dang Nguyen14 Seaweed-Based Polymers: Sustainable Sourcing, Characterization, and Utilization for Biomaterial Applications 341Dzulaikha Khairuddin, Anati Wardina Johari, Muhammad Farouk Harman, Nur Syazwina Kamarozaman, Muhammad Emir Fayed Mohd Fuaad, Mohammad Alif Asyraaf Mohammad Illahi, and Marfiah Ab Wahid15 Sulfated Polysaccharides-Based Algal Seaweed Wastes and Their Aqueous Solution Properties and Cyto-Activity 367Takaomi Kobayashi, Takumi Saitoh, Reiji Matsuda, and Seitarou Matsuda16 Natural Rubber: Biomass and Its Sustainable Resources and Functional Properties 395Seiichi Kawahara and Yoshimasa Yamamoto17 Natural Rubber Materials and Composites 413Kanoktip Boonkerd, Chesidi Hayichelaeh, and Apinya Krainoi18 Peptide Activity for Sustainable Food Preservation and Its Classification and Characterization 441Kaiser Mahmood, Ainil Hawa Jasni, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Yus Aniza Yusof, and Hanisah Kamilah19 Bacterial Cellulose Obtained Through Fermentation Culture Contributing to a Circular Society 467Siriporn Taokaew and Takaomi Kobayashi20 Polyhydroxyalkanoate: Production Using Agro-Industrial Wastes in Malaysia 485Siti Baidurah21 Carbonization of Biomass and Their Upcycling for Material Application 501Mohamad Yusof Idroas, M.A. Agge, M. A. Miskam, K. A. Al-Attab, Y. H. Teoh, M. I. Ramdan, and Nor Irwin BasirReferences 519Index 525