LED Lighting

Prof. Tran Quoc Khanh is University Professor and Head of the Laboratory of Lighting Technology at the Technische Universitat Darmstadt in Darmstadt, Germany. He graduated in Optical Technologies from the Technische Universitat Ilmenau. He obtained his PhD degree in Lighting Engineering from the same University. He obtained his Degree of Lecture Qualification (Habilitation) from the same University for his thesis in Colorimetry and Color Image Processing. He gathered industrial experience as a project manager by ARRI CineTechnik in Munchen (Germany). He has been the organizer of the well-known series of international symposia for automotive lighting (ISAL) in Darmstadt and a member of several Technical Committees of the International Commission of Illumination (CIE). Dr. Peter Bodrogi is Senior Research Fellow at the Laboratory of Lighting Technology of the Technische Universitat Darmstadt in Darmstadt, Germany. He graduated in Physics from the Lorand Eotvos University of Budapest (Hungary). He obtained his PhD degree in Information Technology from the University of Pannonia in Veszprem, Hungary. He obtained his Degree of Lecture Qualification (Habilitation) from the Technische Universitat Darmstadt in 2010 for his thesis on the optimization of modern visual technologies. He co-authored numerous scientific publications and invented patents about color vision and self-luminous display technology. He has been member of several Technical Committees of the International Commission of Illumination (CIE). Chapter authors:Andreas Groh, Stefan Bruckner, Quang Trinh Vinh and Dmitrij Polin, Laboratory of Lighting Technology of Darmstadt Technical University, Germany. Dr. Holger Winkler, Merck KGaA in Darmstadt, Germany. Dr. Holger Sprute, Lead Engineer Licht & Sicht, Bertrandt AG in Darmstadt, Germany.

• Foreword VTable of the Coauthors XIXPreface XXI1 Introduction 1Peter Bodrogi and Tran Quoc Khanh2 The Human Visual System and Its Modeling for Lighting Engineering 7Peter Bodrogi and Tran Quoc Khanh2.1 Visual System Basics 72.2 Radiometry and Photometry 162.3 Colorimetry and Color Science 222.4 LED Specific Spectral and Colorimetric Quantities 412.5 Circadian Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation 443 LED Components – Principles of Radiation Generation and Packaging 49HolgerWinkler, Quang Trinh Vinh, Tran Quoc Khanh, Andreas Benker, Charlotte Bois, Ralf Petry, and Aleksander Zych3.1 Introduction to LED Technology 493.2 Basic Knowledge on Color Semiconductor LEDs 503.3 Color Semiconductor LEDs 673.4 Phosphor Systems and White Phosphor-Converted LEDs 723.5 Green and Red Phosphor-Converted LEDs 1093.6 Optimization of LED Chip-Packaging Technology 1184 Measurement and Modeling of the LED Light Source 133Quang Trinh Vinh, Tran Quoc Khanh, Hristo Ganev, and MaxWagner4.1 LED Radiometry, Photometry, and Colorimetry 1334.2 Thermal and Electric Behavior of Color Semiconductor LEDs 1434.3 Thermal and Electric Behavior of White Phosphor-Converted LEDs 1494.4 Consequences for LED Selection Under Real Operation Conditions 1574.5 LED Electrical Model 1604.6 LED Spectral Model 1674.7 Thermal Relationships and Thermal LED Models 1814.8 Measurement Methods to Determine theThermal Characteristics of LED Devices 1904.9 Thermal and Optical Behavior of Blue LEDs, Silicon Systems, and Phosphor Systems 1974.10 Aging Behavior of High-Power LED Components 2014.11 Lifetime Extrapolation 2144.12 LED Dimming Behavior 2225 Photopic Perceptual Aspects of LED Lighting 233Peter Bodrogi, Tran Quoc Khanh, and Dmitrij Polin5.1 Introduction to the Different Aspects of Light and Color Quality 2335.2 Color Rendering Indices: CRI, CRI2012 2425.3 Semantic Interpretation of Color Differences and Color Rendering Indices 2535.4 Object Specific Color Rendering Indices of CurrentWhite LED Light Sources 2615.5 Color Preference Assessment: Comparisons Between CRI, CRI2012, and CQS 2735.6 Brightness, Chromatic Lightness, and Color Rendering of White LEDs 2855.7 White Point Characteristics of LED Lighting 2925.8 Chromaticity Binning of White LEDs 2985.9 Visual Experiments (Real Field Tests) on the Color Quality of White LEDs 3095.10 Circadian Stimulus, Color Temperature, and Color Rendering of White LEDs 3155.11 Flicker and Stroboscopic Perception of White LEDs under Photopic Conditions 3216 Mesopic Perceptual Aspects of LED Lighting 337Tran Quoc Khanh, Peter Bodrogi, Stefan Brückner, Nils Haferkemper, and Christoph Schiller6.1 Foundations and Models of Mesopic Brightness and Visual Performance 3376.2 Mesopic Brightness under LED Based and Conventional Automotive Front Lighting Light Sources 3476.3 Mesopic Visual Performance under LED Lighting Conditions 3536.4 Visual Acuity in the Mesopic Range with Conventional Light Sources and White LEDs 3576.5 Detection and Conspicuity of Road Markings in the Mesopic Range 3626.6 Glare under Mesopic Conditions 3686.7 Bead String Artifact of PWMControlled LED Rear Lights at Different Frequencies 3886.8 Summarizing Remarks to Chapter 6 3947 Optimization and Characterization of LED Luminaires for Indoor Lighting 399Quang Trinh Vinh and Tran Quoc Khanh7.1 Indoor Lighting – Application Fields and Requirements 3997.2 Basic Aspects of LED-Indoor Luminaire Design 4037.3 Selection Criteria for LED Components and Units 4097.4 Application Fields with Higher Color and Lighting Requirements 4147.5 Principles of LED Radiation Generation with Higher Color Quality and One Correlated Color Temperature 4217.6 Optimization and Stabilization of Hybrid LED Luminaires with High Color Rendering Index and Variable Correlated Color Temperature 4268 Optimization and Characterization of LED Luminaires for Outdoor Lighting 443Tran Quoc Khanh, Quang Trinh Vinh, and Hristo Ganev8.1 Introduction 4438.2 Construction Principles of LED Luminaire Units 4458.3 Systematic Approach of LED Luminaire Design for Street Lighting 4518.4 Degradation Behavior of LED Street Luminaires 4608.5 Maintenance Factor for LED Luminaires 4638.6 Planning and Realization Principles for New LED Installations 4719 Summary 479Peter Bodrogi and Tran Quoc KhanhIndex 483