Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces

Hans-Jürgen Butt is Director at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany. His research topics include surface forces and wetting.Karlheinz Graf is Professor for Physical Chemistry at the University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Niederrhein) in Krefeld.Michael Kappl is group leader at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz, Germany. He investigates the adhesion and friction of micro- and nanocontacts and capillary forces.

• Preface xiii1 Introduction 12 Liquid Surfaces 52.1 Microscopic Picture of a Liquid Surface 52.2 Surface Tension 62.3 Equation of Young and Laplace 102.4 Techniques to Measure Surface Tension 152.5 Kelvin Equation 202.6 Capillary Condensation 232.7 Nucleation Theory 262.8 Summary 312.9 Exercises 313 Thermodynamics of Interfaces 333.1 Thermodynamic Functions for Bulk Systems 333.2 Surface Excess 343.3 Thermodynamic Relations for Systems with an Interface 383.4 Pure Liquids 433.5 Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm 453.6 Summary 513.7 Exercises 514 Charged Interfaces and the Electric Double Layer 534.1 Introduction 534.2 Mathematical Description of the Electric Double Layer 554.3 Experimental Characterization of Charged Interfaces 684.4 Electrokinetic Phenomena: The Zeta Potential 834.5 Summary 914.6 Exercises 915 Surface Forces 935.1 Van der Waals Forces between Molecules 935.2 Van der Waals Force Between Macroscopic Solids 975.3 Concepts for the Description of Surface Forces 1075.4 Measurement of Surface Forces 1105.5 Electrostatic Double-Layer Force 1125.6 Beyond DLVO Theory 1195.7 Steric and Depletion Interaction 1225.8 Spherical Particles in Contact 1275.9 Summary 1315.10 Exercises 1326 Contact Angle Phenomena and Wetting 1356.1 Young's Equation 1356.2 Wetting of Real Surfaces 1456.3 Important Wetting Geometries 1536.4 Dynamics of Wetting and Dewetting 1586.5 Applications 1646.6 Thick Films: Spreading of One Liquid on Another 1696.7 Summary 1726.8 Exercises 1737 Solid Surfaces 1757.1 Introduction 1757.2 Description of Crystalline Surfaces 1767.3 Preparation of Clean Surfaces 1807.4 Thermodynamics of Solid Surfaces 1837.5 Surface Diffusion 1917.6 Solid–Solid Interfaces 1987.7 Microscopy 2007.8 Diffraction Methods 2067.9 Spectroscopy 2097.10 Summary 2177.11 Exercises 2188 Adsorption 2198.1 Introduction 2198.2 Thermodynamics of Adsorption 2248.3 Adsorption Models 2288.4 Experimental Aspects of Adsorption from the Gas Phase 2368.5 Adsorption from Solution 2498.6 Summary 2518.7 Exercises 2529 Surface Modification 2559.1 Introduction 2559.2 Physical and Chemical Vapor Deposition 2569.3 Soft Matter Deposition 2629.4 Etching Techniques 2749.5 Lithography 2789.6 Summary 2809.7 Exercises 28110 Friction, Lubrication, and Wear 28310.1 Friction 28310.2 Lubrication 29610.3 Wear 30510.4 Summary 30610.5 Exercises 30711 Surfactants, Micelles, Emulsions, and Foams 30911.1 Surfactants 30911.2 Spherical Micelles, Cylinders, and Bilayers 31411.3 Macroemulsions 32311.4 Microemulsions 33311.5 Foams 33811.6 Summary 34411.7 Exercises 34512 Thin Films on Surfaces of Liquids 34712.1 Introduction 34712.2 Phases of Monomolecular Films 35012.3 Experimental Techniques to Study Monolayers 35312.4 Langmuir–Blodgett Transfer 36612.5 Summary 36812.6 Exercises 36913 Solutions to Exercises 371Chapter 2: Liquid Surfaces 371Chapter 3: Thermodynamics of Surfaces 373Chapter 4: Charged Interfaces and the Electric Double Layer 375Chapter 5: Surface Forces 377Chapter 6: Contact Angle Phenomena and Wetting 380Chapter 7: Solid Surfaces 382Chapter 8: Adsorption 384Chapter 9: Surface Modification 388Chapter 10: Friction, Lubrication, and Wear 389Chapter 11: Surfactants, Micelles, Emulsions, and Foams 390Chapter 12: Thin Films on Surfaces of Liquids 39114 Analysis of Diffraction Patterns 39514.1 Diffraction at Three-Dimensional Crystals 39514.2 Diffraction at Surfaces 39914.3 Intensity of Diffraction Peaks 400Appendix A Symbols and Abbreviations 405Bibliography 411Index 441