Toxicology of Nanomaterials

Zhiyong Zhang holds a PhD in radiochemistry from Beijing University, China. He is a professor and a scientific leader in environment health and safety at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety. His current research interests are in coordination chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, and environmental chemistry of rare earth elements, as well as toxicology and ecotoxicology of nanomaterials. Weiyue Feng graduated from Fudan University of Applied Chemistry, China, in 1989 and received her PhD from the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 1998. She is currently professor of inorganic chemistry and biological chemistry. Her primary fields of research include chemical biology, metallomics and metalloproteins as well as biological and toxicological studies of nanomaterials. Yuliang Zhao is Professor in Chemistry and Physics. He moved to Chinese Academy of Sciences from RIKEN, Japan, as a Hundred Elite Professor in 2001. His research is mainly focused on the biomedical effects of nanostructures and nanoscale materials, including the biomedical functions of nanomaterials, the toxicological effects of nanomaterials and establishing standard procedures for safety assessment of nanoproducts, surface chemistry of nanoparticles and their novel properties, and molecular dynamics using theoretical simulation of the dynamic processes of the interplay between nanosystems and biosystems.

• List of Contributors XVPreface XIXAbbreviations XXI1 Characterization of Nanomaterials in Nanotoxicological Analyses 1Yuhui Ma1.1 Introduction 11.2 Size and Morphology of NMs 21.3 Composition and Structure 81.4 Surface Properties 121.5 Interactions between NMs and Biological Environments 151.6 Conclusions 16References 162 Quantitative Analysis of Metal-Based Nanomaterials in Biological Samples Using ICP-MS 23Meng Wang2.1 Introduction 232.2 ICP-MS: A Power Tool for Element Analysis 242.3 Single-Particle ICP-MS: Theory and Application 282.4 Analysis of Nanoparticles by ICP-MS Hyphenate Techniques 332.5 Conclusion and Outlook 38References 383 Stable Isotopic Tracing of Nanomaterials In Vivo 43Yuliang Zhao and Xueling Chang3.1 Introduction 433.2 Development of Stable Isotope Labeling in Nanotechnology 453.3 13C-Labeled Carbon Nanomaterials 463.4 Metal Stable Isotope Labeled Nanoparticles 563.5 Summary and Outlook 61References 614 Radiolabeling of Nanoparticles 69Zhiyong Zhang4.1 Introduction 694.2 Radiolabeling of Nanomaterials 744.3 Summary and Outlook 87References 885 New Methods for Nanotoxicity Analyses: Synchrotron-Radiation-Based Techniques 95Bing Wang5.1 Introduction 955.2 Speciation Transformation of NMs in Biological System by SR-Based Techniques 965.3 SR-Based Analytical Techniques for Understanding Nano–Bio Interactions 1035.4 Conclusion and Prospects 115References 1166 Imaging Techniques in Nanotoxicology Research 121Liang Yan, Yufeng Li, and Zhanjun Gu6.1 Introduction 1216.2 Imaging Techniques for In Vitro Visualization and Quantification of Nanomaterials 1216.3 Distribution and Quantification of Nanomaterials In Vivo 1336.4 Conclusions 139References 1417 In Vivo Nanotoxicity Assays in Animal Models 151Xiao He7.1 Introduction 1517.2 Laboratory Animal Models 1527.3 Administration 1587.4 Particokinetics 1667.5 In Vivo Toxicity of Nanomaterials 1747.6 Recommendations 182References 1838 In Vitro Testing Methods for Nanomaterials 199Feng Zhao and Xueying Liu8.1 Introduction 1998.2 Preparation of Nanoparticle Suspensions 2008.3 Cell Viability Assays 2018.4 Oxidative Stress Assay 2048.5 Inflammatory Assay 2058.6 Summary and Outlook 207References 2089 Localizing the Cellular Uptake of Nanomaterials 211Wei Li9.1 Introduction 2119.2 Mechanism of Cellular Uptake of Nanomaterials 2129.3 Methods to Determine Cellular Nanoparticle Uptake In Vitro 2139.4 Representative Cellular Uptake of Nanomaterials and Intracellular Location Determined with Different Methods 2179.5 Summary and Outlook 227References 22710 Methods and Techniques in Molecular Toxicology of Nanomaterials 231Yanli Wang, Chenchen Li, and Chunying Chen10.1 Introduction 23110.2 Gene Mutation Detection 23210.3 Gene Expression Analysis 23510.4 DNA Damage Detection 23810.5 Chromosomal Aberration Analysis 24210.6 Omics 24610.7 Conclusions 247References 24711 Analyses Methods for Nanoparticle Interaction with Biomacromolecules 257Liming Wang and Chunying Chen11.1 Introduction 25711.2 Biological Effects due to Nanoparticle–Biomolecule Interactions 25811.3 Basic Methods to Understand NPs and Protein Interactions 26711.4 Summary and Outlook 280References 28112 "Omic" Techniques for Nanosafety 287Weiyue Feng12.1 Introduction 28712.2 Materials and Biological Models 28912.3 Genomics Study for Nanosafety 29012.4 Transcriptomics Study for the Biological Effects of ENMs 29712.5 Proteomics Study for Nanosafety 30312.6 Metabolomics Study for Nanosafety 31012.7 Summary and Outlook 313References 31413 Nanometallomics: New Approach on Analyzing Biological Effects of Metal-Related Nanomaterials 319Yu-Feng Li, Jiating Zhao, Yuxi Gao, and Chunying Chen13.1 Introduction 31913.2 Integrated Approaches on the ADME of Metal-Related Nanomaterials in Biological Systems 32013.3 Interactions of Metal-Related Nanomaterials with Genes, Proteins, and Other Biomolecules 32513.4 Conclusions 328Acknowledgments 328References 32814 Molecular Simulation Methods for Safety Analyses of Nanomaterials 333Lina Zhao14.1 Introduction 33314.2 The Molecular Simulation Methods for Nanomaterials and Biological Systems 33514.3 The Scientific Problems in Biological Effects of Nanomaterials Studied by Molecular Simulations 35214.4 Summary and Outlook 361Acknowledgments 361References 36215 Ecotoxicity Analyses of Nanomaterials 367Peng Zhang15.1 Introduction 36715.2 Transformation of ENMs in the Environment 36815.3 Toxicity of ENMs in Terrestrial Ecosystem 37015.4 Other Terrestrial Organisms 37915.5 Aquatic Organisms 38215.6 Challenges and Perspective 384References 384Index 393