Polysaccharide-Based Nanocrystals

Prof. Dr. Jin Huang is affiliated with College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, China. He received the PhD from College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, China. His research interest focuses on "Developing chemical and physical methodology and technologies to manufacturing green materials from biomass resources". He has worked on the preparation and evaluation of bioplastics, composites and nanocomposites using natural polymers including cellulose, chitin and chitosan, starch, plant proteins etc., and explored some advanced applications in biomedical field. Up to now, he has authored and co-authored more than 100 peer-reviewed journal publications (h-index of 24), 7 book chapters, over 40 granted patents, and many conference papers/presentations. Prof. Dr. Chang is affiliated with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada/Government of Canada, and with the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. His research interests focus on "developing new opportunities from bio-resources for supporting a robust and vibrant bioeconomy". He works on the characterization and processing of biopolymers from agricultural/biomass production, and devising functional systems (bioplastics, biocomposites, nanocomposites, biomaterials etc.) and other industrial products. Prior to his current postings, Dr. Chang worked 15 years for several consulting firms which offered practical solutions to domestic and international companies in the agri-food and bio-resource industries. He has authored 120+ peer-reviewed papers (h-index of 29), 90+ technology transfer contract reports to industry, many authoritative reviews and book chapters, four granted patents, and numerous conference papers/presentations. Dr. Ning Lin received his PhD at the International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Pagora) in Grenoble Institute of Technology, France. Currently, he is conducting postdoctoral research in Universite Joseph Fourier and Grenoble Institute of Technology, France. He has authored 14 scientific publications, 4 book chapters and 2 patents. His research interests include chemical modification, design and development of nanocomposite, and functional application based on biomass nanoparticles. Professor Dr. Alan Dufresne is affiliated with The International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Pagora) at Grenoble Institute of Technology, France. He received his PhD in 1991 from the Department of Electronic at the Toulouse National Institute of Applied Science. His main research interests concern the processing and characterization of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with nanoparticles extracted from renewable resources. He has authored and co-authored more than 200 scientific publications (h-index of 58) and 38 book chapters, as well as a monograph on nanocellulose in 2012. He was invited professor at Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (Brazil) and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) (Malaysia).

• List of Contributors XIIIForeword XVPreface XVII1 Polysaccharide Nanocrystals: Current Status and Prospects in Material Science 1Jin Huang, Peter R. Chang, and Alain Dufresne1.1 Introduction to Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 11.2 Current Application of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Material Science 31.3 Prospects for Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Materials 8List of Abbreviations 9References 92 Structure and Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 15Fei Hu, Shiyu Fu, Jin Huang, Debbie P. Anderson, and Peter R. Chang2.1 Introduction 152.2 Cellulose Nanocrystals 162.2.1 Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals 162.2.1.1 Acid Hydrolysis Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals 162.2.1.2 Effects of Acid Type 192.2.1.3 Effects of Pretreatment 242.2.2 Structure and Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals 262.2.2.1 Structure and Rigidity of Cellulose Nanocrystals 262.2.2.2 Physical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals 322.3 Chitin Nanocrystals 412.3.1 Preparation of Chitin Nanocrystals 412.3.1.1 Extraction of Chitin Nanocrystals by Acid Hydrolysis 412.3.1.2 Extraction of Chitin Nanocrystals by TEMPO Oxidation 422.3.2 Structure and Properties of Chitin Nanocrystals 432.3.2.1 Structure and Rigidity of Chitin Nanocrystals 432.3.2.2 Properties of Chitin Nanocrystal Suspensions 452.4 Starch Nanocrystals 472.4.1 Preparation of Starch Nanocrystals 472.4.1.1 Extraction of Starch Nanocrystals by Acid Hydrolysis 472.4.1.2 Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment 492.4.1.3 Effect of Pretreatment 502.4.2 Structure and Properties of Starch Nanocrystals 502.4.2.1 Structure of Starch Nanocrystals 502.4.2.2 Properties of Starch Nanocrystal Suspensions 512.5 Conclusion and Prospects 52List of Abbreviations 53References 543 Surface Modification of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 63Ning Lin and Alain Dufresne3.1 Introduction 633.2 Surface Chemistry of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 633.2.1 Surface Hydroxyl Groups 633.2.2 Surface Groups Originating from Various Extraction Methods 653.3 Approaches and Strategies for Surface Modification 663.3.1 Purpose and Challenge of Surface Modification 663.3.2 Comparison of Different Approaches and Strategies of Surface Modification 673.4 Adsorption of Surfactant 703.4.1 Anionic Surfactant 703.4.2 Cationic Surfactant 713.4.3 Nonionic Surfactant 713.5 Hydrophobic Groups Resulting from Chemical Derivatization 723.5.1 Acetyl and Ester Groups with Acetylation and Esterification 723.5.2 Carboxyl Groups Resulting from TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation 773.5.3 Derivatization with Isocyanate Carboamination 793.5.4 Silyl Groups Resulting from Silylation 793.5.5 Cationic Groups Resulting from Cationization 813.6 Polymeric Chains from Physical Absorption or Chemical Grafting 813.6.1 Hydrophilic Polymer 823.6.2 Polyester 833.6.3 Polyolefin 853.6.4 Block Copolymer 903.6.5 Polyurethane andWaterborne Polyurethane 913.6.6 Other Hydrophobic Polymer 923.7 Advanced Functional Groups and Modification 923.7.1 Fluorescent and Dye Molecules 943.7.2 Amino Acid and DNA 953.7.3 Self-Cross-linking of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 953.7.4 Photobactericidal Porphyrin Molecule 963.7.5 Imidazolium Molecule 973.7.6 Cyclodextrin Molecule and Pluronic Polymer 973.8 Concluding Remarks 98List of Abbreviations 98References 1004 Preparation of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Nanocomposites 109Hou-Yong Yu, Jin Huang, Youli Chen, and Peter R. Chang4.1 Introduction 1094.2 Casting/Evaporation Processing 1104.2.1 Solution Casting/Evaporation Processing 1104.2.2 Solution Casting in Aqueous Medium 1114.2.2.1 Dispersion Stability of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Aqueous Medium 1114.2.2.2 Blending with Hydrophilic Polymers 1124.2.2.3 Blending with Hydrophobic Polymers 1164.2.3 Solution Casting in Organic Medium 1174.2.3.1 Dispersion Stability of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Organic Medium 1174.2.3.2 Blending with Polymers in Organic Solvent 1184.3 Thermoprocessing Methods 1214.3.1 Thermoplastic Materials Modified with Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 1214.3.2 Influence of Surface Modification of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals on NanocompositeThermoprocessing 1224.4 Preparation of Nanofibers by Electrospinning Technology 1274.4.1 Electrospinning Technology 1274.4.1.1 Concepts 1274.4.1.2 Formation Process of Nanofibers 1284.4.1.3 Basic Electrospinning Parameters and Devices 1294.4.1.4 Newly Emerging Electrospinning Techniques 1304.4.2 Nanocomposite Nanofibers Filled with Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 1324.4.2.1 Electrospun Nanofibers in Aqueous Medium 1324.4.2.2 Electrospun Nanofibers in Non-aqueous Medium 1344.5 Sol–Gel Method 1354.5.1 Concepts of Sol–Gel Process 1354.5.2 Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based or -Derived Nanocomposites Prepared by Sol–Gel Method 1364.5.3 Chiral Nanocomposites Using Cellulose Nanocrystal Template 1374.5.3.1 Inorganic Chiral Materials Based on Cellulose Nanocrystal Template 1374.5.3.2 Chiral Porous Materials 1384.5.3.3 Chiral Porous Carbon Materials 1414.5.3.4 Metal Nanoparticle-Decorated Chiral Nematic Materials 1434.6 Self-Assembly Method 1444.6.1 Overview of Self-Assembly Method 1444.6.2 Self-Assembly Method Toward Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Modified Materials 1454.6.2.1 Self-Assembly of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Aqueous Medium 1454.6.2.2 Self-Assembly of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Organic Medium 1484.6.2.3 Self-Assembly of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Solid Film 1484.6.3 Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Modified Materials Prepared by LBL Method 1504.7 Other Methods and Prospects 152List of Abbreviations 153References 1545 Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Reinforced Nanocomposites 165Hanieh Kargarzadeh and Ishak Ahmad5.1 Introduction 1655.2 Rubber-Based Nanocomposites 1665.3 Polyolefin-Based Nanocomposites 1755.4 Polyurethane andWaterborne Polyurethane-Based Nanocomposites 1785.5 Polyester-Based Nanocomposites 1925.6 Starch-Based Nanocomposites 2005.7 Protein-Based Nanocomposites 2045.8 Concluding Remarks 211List of Abbreviations 211References 2136 Polysaccharide Nanocrystals-Based Materials for Advanced Applications 219Ning Lin, Jin Huang, and Alain Dufresne6.1 Introduction 2196.2 Surface Characteristics Induced Functional Nanomaterials 2206.2.1 Active Groups 2206.2.1.1 Importing Functional Groups or Molecules 2206.2.1.2 Template for Synthesizing Inorganic Nanoparticles 2226.2.2 Surface Charges and Hydrophilicity 2256.2.2.1 Emulsion Nanostabilizer 2256.2.2.2 High-Efficiency Adsorption 2266.2.2.3 Permselective Membrane 2266.2.3 Nanoscale and High Surface Area 2276.2.3.1 Surface Cell Cultivation 2276.2.3.2 Water Decontamination 2276.3 Nano-Reinforcing Effects in Functional Nanomaterials 2286.3.1 Soft Matter 2296.3.1.1 Hydrogel 2296.3.1.2 Sponge, Foam, Aerogel, and Tissue-Engineering Nanoscaffold 2316.3.2 Special Mechanical Materials 2336.3.3 Self-Healable and Shape-Memory Materials 2366.3.4 Polymeric Electrolytes and Battery 2376.3.5 Semi-conducting Material 2386.4 Optical Materials Derived from Liquid Crystalline Property 2396.5 Special Films and Systems Ascribed to Barrier Property 2416.5.1 Drug Delivery – Barrier for Drug Molecules 2426.5.2 Barrier Nanocomposites – Barrier forWater and Oxygen 2446.6 Other Functional Applications 2446.7 Concluding Remarks 244List of Abbreviations 245References 2467 Characterization of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Materials 255Alain Dufresne and Ning Lin7.1 Introduction 2557.2 Mechanical Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 2567.2.1 Intrinsic Mechanical Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 2567.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal Films 2597.3 Dispersion of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 2617.3.1 Observation of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Matrix 2637.3.2 Three-Dimensional Network of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 2667.4 Mechanical Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Materials 2697.4.1 Influence of the Morphology and Dimensions of the Nanocrystals 2737.4.2 Influence of the Processing Method 2747.5 Polysaccharide Nanocrystal/Matrix Interfacial Interactions 2767.6 Thermal Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Materials 2817.6.1 Thermal Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 2817.6.2 Glass Transition of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Nanocomposites 2827.6.3 Melting/Crystallization Temperature of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Nanocomposites 2837.6.4 Thermal Stability of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Nanocomposites 2847.7 Barrier Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Materials 2847.7.1 Barrier Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal Films 2857.7.2 Swelling and Sorption Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Nanocomposites 2867.7.3 Water Vapor Transfer and Permeability of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Nanocomposites 2877.7.4 Gas Permeability of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Nanocomposites 2887.8 Concluding Remarks 289List of Abbreviations 290References 291Index 301