The Editors: Margrit Schulte Beerbühl, former research fellow at the German Historical Institute in London, lecturer in Social and Economic History and Modern History at the University of Düsseldorf. Currently working on a research project on Nationality and Commerce in eighteenth-century Britain.Jörg Vögele, Director of the Institute for the History of Medicine at the University of Düsseldorf. He has lectured Modern History, Economic History and Medical History at the Universities of Constance, Liverpool, Prague, and Düsseldorf. Currently working on research projects on European Port Cities in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries and on the «Value of A Human Being» in Demographic Sciences in Germany, 19th-20th Centuries.

• Contents: Margrit Schulte Beerbühl/Jörg Vögele: Spinning the Commercial Web. International Trade, Merchants, and Commercial Cities, c. 1640-1939 Centuries. An Introduction – Alexander Nützenadel: Coping with Decline. Commercial Networks, Merchants and the Regionalization of Trade in Eighteenth Century Venice – Sakis Gekas: The Merchants of the Ionian Islands between East and West: Forming international and local networks – Cátia Alexandra Pereira Antunes: Urban Links, Trade Networks and Globalisation in the Early Modern Period: Amsterdam and Lisbon, 1640-1705 - a Case Study – Marcel Boldorf: The Rise and Fall of Silesian Merchant Guilds in the International Trade Net (1700-1850) – Christiane Reves: Italian Merchants of the Eighteenth Century in Frankfurt and Mainz: circumstances contributing to their socio-economic ascent – Laurence Fontaine: The Organisation and Evolutions of Traders’ and Pedlars’ Networks in Europe – Jari Ojala: The Principal Agent Problem Revisited: Entrepreneurial networks between Finland and «world markets» during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries – Silvia Marzagalli: French Merchants and Atlantic Networks: The organisation of shipping and trade between Bordeaux and the United States, 1793-1815 – Adrian Jarvis: The Members of the Mersey Docks & Harbour Board re-visited: 1895-1936 – Peter Edwards: International Arms Traders and the British Civil Wars of the Mid Seventeenth Century – Asa Eklund/Chris Evans/Göran Rydén: From the Baltic to the Atlantic: British merchants and the development of trade networks in the northern seas during the eighteenth century – Jon Stobart: Webs of Information, Bonds of Trust: The networks of early eighteenth-century Chester merchants – Dittmar Dahlmann: The Knoop-Family and its International Network – Jürgen G. Nagel: The Company and the Port City: Trading centres of the Malay Archipelago and their role in commercial networks during the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries – Graeme J. Milne: Port-City Regions in Context: The North East of England and Europe’s northern seas in the late nineteenth Century – W. Robert Lee: The Growth of Maritime Trade and the Determinants of Port-Hinterland Relations in Nineteenth-Century Germany: the case of Bremen – Henk van Dijk: Steam and Coal: A forgotten chapter in the history of port cities – Eva-Maria Stolberg: St. Petersburg, Russia’s Gateway to the West: Trade capitalism and its impact on urban change, 1860-1914 – Sharon Rodgers: Colonial Boston and the Commercial Web: One city’s dilemma – Sam A. Mustafa: Americans, Germans, or Simply Capitalists? Independent Merchants and the Atlantic Port Cities: 1770-1830.

The Editors: Margrit Schulte Beerbühl, former research fellow at the German Historical Institute in London, lecturer in Social and Economic History and Modern History at the University of Düsseldorf. Currently working on a research project on Nationality and Commerce in eighteenth-century Britain.Jörg Vögele, Director of the Institute for the History of Medicine at the University of Düsseldorf. He has lectured Modern History, Economic History and Medical History at the Universities of Constance, Liverpool, Prague, and Düsseldorf. Currently working on research projects on European Port Cities in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries and on the «Value of A Human Being» in Demographic Sciences in Germany, 19th-20th Centuries.

• Contents: Margrit Schulte Beerbühl/Jörg Vögele: Spinning the Commercial Web. International Trade, Merchants, and Commercial Cities, c. 1640-1939 Centuries. An Introduction – Alexander Nützenadel: Coping with Decline. Commercial Networks, Merchants and the Regionalization of Trade in Eighteenth Century Venice – Sakis Gekas: The Merchants of the Ionian Islands between East and West: Forming international and local networks – Cátia Alexandra Pereira Antunes: Urban Links, Trade Networks and Globalisation in the Early Modern Period: Amsterdam and Lisbon, 1640-1705 - a Case Study – Marcel Boldorf: The Rise and Fall of Silesian Merchant Guilds in the International Trade Net (1700-1850) – Christiane Reves: Italian Merchants of the Eighteenth Century in Frankfurt and Mainz: circumstances contributing to their socio-economic ascent – Laurence Fontaine: The Organisation and Evolutions of Traders’ and Pedlars’ Networks in Europe – Jari Ojala: The Principal Agent Problem Revisited: Entrepreneurial networks between Finland and «world markets» during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries – Silvia Marzagalli: French Merchants and Atlantic Networks: The organisation of shipping and trade between Bordeaux and the United States, 1793-1815 – Adrian Jarvis: The Members of the Mersey Docks & Harbour Board re-visited: 1895-1936 – Peter Edwards: International Arms Traders and the British Civil Wars of the Mid Seventeenth Century – Asa Eklund/Chris Evans/Göran Rydén: From the Baltic to the Atlantic: British merchants and the development of trade networks in the northern seas during the eighteenth century – Jon Stobart: Webs of Information, Bonds of Trust: The networks of early eighteenth-century Chester merchants – Dittmar Dahlmann: The Knoop-Family and its International Network – Jürgen G. Nagel: The Company and the Port City: Trading centres of the Malay Archipelago and their role in commercial networks during the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries – Graeme J. Milne: Port-City Regions in Context: The North East of England and Europe’s northern seas in the late nineteenth Century – W. Robert Lee: The Growth of Maritime Trade and the Determinants of Port-Hinterland Relations in Nineteenth-Century Germany: the case of Bremen – Henk van Dijk: Steam and Coal: A forgotten chapter in the history of port cities – Eva-Maria Stolberg: St. Petersburg, Russia’s Gateway to the West: Trade capitalism and its impact on urban change, 1860-1914 – Sharon Rodgers: Colonial Boston and the Commercial Web: One city’s dilemma – Sam A. Mustafa: Americans, Germans, or Simply Capitalists? Independent Merchants and the Atlantic Port Cities: 1770-1830.

The Editors: Margrit Schulte Beerbühl, former research fellow at the German Historical Institute in London, lecturer in Social and Economic History and Modern History at the University of Düsseldorf. Currently working on a research project on Nationality and Commerce in eighteenth-century Britain.Jörg Vögele, Director of the Institute for the History of Medicine at the University of Düsseldorf. He has lectured Modern History, Economic History and Medical History at the Universities of Constance, Liverpool, Prague, and Düsseldorf. Currently working on research projects on European Port Cities in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries and on the «Value of A Human Being» in Demographic Sciences in Germany, 19th-20th Centuries.

• Contents: Margrit Schulte Beerbühl/Jörg Vögele: Spinning the Commercial Web. International Trade, Merchants, and Commercial Cities, c. 1640-1939 Centuries. An Introduction – Alexander Nützenadel: Coping with Decline. Commercial Networks, Merchants and the Regionalization of Trade in Eighteenth Century Venice – Sakis Gekas: The Merchants of the Ionian Islands between East and West: Forming international and local networks – Cátia Alexandra Pereira Antunes: Urban Links, Trade Networks and Globalisation in the Early Modern Period: Amsterdam and Lisbon, 1640-1705 - a Case Study – Marcel Boldorf: The Rise and Fall of Silesian Merchant Guilds in the International Trade Net (1700-1850) – Christiane Reves: Italian Merchants of the Eighteenth Century in Frankfurt and Mainz: circumstances contributing to their socio-economic ascent – Laurence Fontaine: The Organisation and Evolutions of Traders’ and Pedlars’ Networks in Europe – Jari Ojala: The Principal Agent Problem Revisited: Entrepreneurial networks between Finland and «world markets» during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries – Silvia Marzagalli: French Merchants and Atlantic Networks: The organisation of shipping and trade between Bordeaux and the United States, 1793-1815 – Adrian Jarvis: The Members of the Mersey Docks & Harbour Board re-visited: 1895-1936 – Peter Edwards: International Arms Traders and the British Civil Wars of the Mid Seventeenth Century – Asa Eklund/Chris Evans/Göran Rydén: From the Baltic to the Atlantic: British merchants and the development of trade networks in the northern seas during the eighteenth century – Jon Stobart: Webs of Information, Bonds of Trust: The networks of early eighteenth-century Chester merchants – Dittmar Dahlmann: The Knoop-Family and its International Network – Jürgen G. Nagel: The Company and the Port City: Trading centres of the Malay Archipelago and their role in commercial networks during the seventeenth and eighteenth Centuries – Graeme J. Milne: Port-City Regions in Context: The North East of England and Europe’s northern seas in the late nineteenth Century – W. Robert Lee: The Growth of Maritime Trade and the Determinants of Port-Hinterland Relations in Nineteenth-Century Germany: the case of Bremen – Henk van Dijk: Steam and Coal: A forgotten chapter in the history of port cities – Eva-Maria Stolberg: St. Petersburg, Russia’s Gateway to the West: Trade capitalism and its impact on urban change, 1860-1914 – Sharon Rodgers: Colonial Boston and the Commercial Web: One city’s dilemma – Sam A. Mustafa: Americans, Germans, or Simply Capitalists? Independent Merchants and the Atlantic Port Cities: 1770-1830.