The Islamic prophet Muhammadinitiated a theological programin theocratic form. The Qur’anchallenges Christians and Jewsin many ways and invites themto take a stance. This is why anexplicitly theological response islegitimate and necessary. Thisbook draws on current scholarlyresearch on Islam and discussesthe sources of the Qur’an, thefundamental features of itsrelationship with Judaism, andits perception of Jesus. Thisleads to a realistic assessment ofIslam and stimulates a renewedChristian self-understanding.The fourth chapter presentsthe largely unknown insights ofthe German-Jewish philosopherFranz Rosenzweig and the theologianJoseph Ratzinger/PopeBenedict XVI on Islam. They providean important perspective –beyond submission.