Essay from the year 2003 in the subject History of Europe - Middle Ages, Early Modern Age, grade: 54 %, University of Wales, Aberystwyth (Department of History), course: HIH 3124, language: English, abstract: In the eleventh century the Christian lands of Western Europe were in trouble. Afflicted by the repeated invasions from North and South and East, by the collapse ofinternal order, by brutal oppression of the weak, by the laxity and ignorance of theclergy, and by the unrestrained tyranny of feudal war lords, life in the West was inthe words of Thomas Hobbs - nasty, brutish, and short 1. The problems werecompounded, when nomadic soldiers recently converted to Islam occupiedJerusalem and the Holy Land, thus causing the pilgrimage to them far morehazardous. But all the prayers, the sermons the condemnations and the appeals hadamounted too little until in November 1095, Pope Urban II preached in Clermont. Forhis largely ignorant and unreflective audience, the Pope threw a harsh light ofcriticism on the fallings of Western society. But he pointed out, that the liberation ofJerusalem2 and the Holy Land from the infidels was a redemptive task worthy ofmen, who could call themselves milites Christi3, the liberation of the Eastern Church,alone was unpopular in the West 4. At a stroke, Pope Urban intended to divert thereckless and violent men of the West into the path of righteousness. At the end of thetenth century the Church attempted to set a formal limit of customary violence.5 Theycould now practise warfare in a holy course. [...]1 http://www.kaiku.com/cloisters.html (24.02.2003)2 H. E. Mayer, The Crusades, translation by J Gillingham, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972),41-48 and Jonathan and Louise Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095-1274, (London:Edward Arnold, 1981), 43-44. 3 K. B. Wolf, Crusade and narrative: Bohemond and the Gesta Francorum , Journal of MedievalHistory Vol. XVII, David Abulafia et al (eds.) (Amsterdam: 1991), 209. 4 Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of Crusade, 330. 5 Under the terms of Pax Dei the Bishops tried to place certain classes of people and property beyondthe reach of warring factions. At the same time, the Truga Dei took a lead from an earlier decree byCarolus Magnus and limited the time available for fighting.

Essay from the year 2003 in the subject History of Europe - Middle Ages, Early Modern Age, grade: 54 %, University of Wales, Aberystwyth (Department of History), course: HIH 3124, language: English, abstract: In the eleventh century the Christian lands of Western Europe were in trouble. Afflicted by the repeated invasions from North and South and East, by the collapse ofinternal order, by brutal oppression of the weak, by the laxity and ignorance of theclergy, and by the unrestrained tyranny of feudal war lords, life in the West was inthe words of Thomas Hobbs - nasty, brutish, and short 1. The problems werecompounded, when nomadic soldiers recently converted to Islam occupiedJerusalem and the Holy Land, thus causing the pilgrimage to them far morehazardous. But all the prayers, the sermons the condemnations and the appeals hadamounted too little until in November 1095, Pope Urban II preached in Clermont. Forhis largely ignorant and unreflective audience, the Pope threw a harsh light ofcriticism on the fallings of Western society. But he pointed out, that the liberation ofJerusalem2 and the Holy Land from the infidels was a redemptive task worthy ofmen, who could call themselves milites Christi3, the liberation of the Eastern Church,alone was unpopular in the West 4. At a stroke, Pope Urban intended to divert thereckless and violent men of the West into the path of righteousness. At the end of thetenth century the Church attempted to set a formal limit of customary violence.5 Theycould now practise warfare in a holy course. [...]1 http://www.kaiku.com/cloisters.html (24.02.2003)2 H. E. Mayer, The Crusades, translation by J Gillingham, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972),41-48 and Jonathan and Louise Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095-1274, (London:Edward Arnold, 1981), 43-44. 3 K. B. Wolf, Crusade and narrative: Bohemond and the Gesta Francorum , Journal of MedievalHistory Vol. XVII, David Abulafia et al (eds.) (Amsterdam: 1991), 209. 4 Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of Crusade, 330. 5 Under the terms of Pax Dei the Bishops tried to place certain classes of people and property beyondthe reach of warring factions. At the same time, the Truga Dei took a lead from an earlier decree byCarolus Magnus and limited the time available for fighting.

Essay from the year 2003 in the subject History of Europe - Middle Ages, Early Modern Age, grade: 54 %, University of Wales, Aberystwyth (Department of History), course: HIH 3124, language: English, abstract: In the eleventh century the Christian lands of Western Europe were in trouble. Afflicted by the repeated invasions from North and South and East, by the collapse ofinternal order, by brutal oppression of the weak, by the laxity and ignorance of theclergy, and by the unrestrained tyranny of feudal war lords, life in the West was inthe words of Thomas Hobbs - nasty, brutish, and short 1. The problems werecompounded, when nomadic soldiers recently converted to Islam occupiedJerusalem and the Holy Land, thus causing the pilgrimage to them far morehazardous. But all the prayers, the sermons the condemnations and the appeals hadamounted too little until in November 1095, Pope Urban II preached in Clermont. Forhis largely ignorant and unreflective audience, the Pope threw a harsh light ofcriticism on the fallings of Western society. But he pointed out, that the liberation ofJerusalem2 and the Holy Land from the infidels was a redemptive task worthy ofmen, who could call themselves milites Christi3, the liberation of the Eastern Church,alone was unpopular in the West 4. At a stroke, Pope Urban intended to divert thereckless and violent men of the West into the path of righteousness. At the end of thetenth century the Church attempted to set a formal limit of customary violence.5 Theycould now practise warfare in a holy course. [...]1 http://www.kaiku.com/cloisters.html (24.02.2003)2 H. E. Mayer, The Crusades, translation by J Gillingham, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972),41-48 and Jonathan and Louise Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095-1274, (London:Edward Arnold, 1981), 43-44. 3 K. B. Wolf, Crusade and narrative: Bohemond and the Gesta Francorum , Journal of MedievalHistory Vol. XVII, David Abulafia et al (eds.) (Amsterdam: 1991), 209. 4 Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of Crusade, 330. 5 Under the terms of Pax Dei the Bishops tried to place certain classes of people and property beyondthe reach of warring factions. At the same time, the Truga Dei took a lead from an earlier decree byCarolus Magnus and limited the time available for fighting.