Essay from the year 2003 in the subject History of Europe - Middle Ages, Early Modern Age, grade: 61 %, University of Wales, Aberystwyth (Department of History), language: English, abstract: Before we can consider the reasons for the success of the First Crusade, we have to first asksome initial questions that should be kept in mind throughout my essay. To begin with, wehave to raise the question if the crusade was a success. To do so we have to establish whatqualifies as a success. To judge its success is to compare the ideals and aims of the crusadewith what happened and what was actually achieved. Here, though, we meet yet anotherproblem in that we ask which aims should we look at? Those of pope Urban II? Those of themilitary leadership of the crusade, or those of the ordinary participants? Finally, we maywish to define success. Let us start by asking what the aims of the First Crusade were. The most obvious place to look for aims is Pope Urban II's speech, made on 27November 1095 at the Council of Clermont. At this meeting Pope Urban II respondedpublicly for the first time to Alexius Comnenus' appeal for help against the Muslims, to stemthe flood of Turkish violence 1, that had almost reached the Bosporus. There are four2 mainaccounts of the speech; those of Fulcher of Chartres, Robert the Monk, Guibert of Nogent,and Baldric of Bourgueil. His first appeal, which all four sources mention, is for thecessation of hostilities between fellow Christians and the unification of Christendom. Fulcher of Chartres quotes Urban as saying those who once waged war against their brothersand blood relatives should fight lawfully against barbarians 3, Robert the Monk s accountUrban comments on Christians fighting each other and advises, stop these hatreds amongyourselves 4. In this account he even charges the Turks with violating the women ofAnatolia 5. This account was written 25 years after Urban's call in France and does not claimto give more than a general idea of the pope's arguments. [...]1 Penny J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095 1270, (Cambridge, Mass : MedievalAcademy of America, 1991), 11. 2 James A. Brundage, The crusades. Motives and Achievements. (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964), 7. 3 Jonathan and Louise Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095-1274, (London: Edward Arnold,1981), 42. 4 Ibid., 44. 5 P.W. Edbury (ed.), Crusade and settlement. (Cardiff: University College Cardiff Press, 1985), 61.

Essay from the year 2003 in the subject History of Europe - Middle Ages, Early Modern Age, grade: 61 %, University of Wales, Aberystwyth (Department of History), language: English, abstract: Before we can consider the reasons for the success of the First Crusade, we have to first asksome initial questions that should be kept in mind throughout my essay. To begin with, wehave to raise the question if the crusade was a success. To do so we have to establish whatqualifies as a success. To judge its success is to compare the ideals and aims of the crusadewith what happened and what was actually achieved. Here, though, we meet yet anotherproblem in that we ask which aims should we look at? Those of pope Urban II? Those of themilitary leadership of the crusade, or those of the ordinary participants? Finally, we maywish to define success. Let us start by asking what the aims of the First Crusade were. The most obvious place to look for aims is Pope Urban II's speech, made on 27November 1095 at the Council of Clermont. At this meeting Pope Urban II respondedpublicly for the first time to Alexius Comnenus' appeal for help against the Muslims, to stemthe flood of Turkish violence 1, that had almost reached the Bosporus. There are four2 mainaccounts of the speech; those of Fulcher of Chartres, Robert the Monk, Guibert of Nogent,and Baldric of Bourgueil. His first appeal, which all four sources mention, is for thecessation of hostilities between fellow Christians and the unification of Christendom. Fulcher of Chartres quotes Urban as saying those who once waged war against their brothersand blood relatives should fight lawfully against barbarians 3, Robert the Monk s accountUrban comments on Christians fighting each other and advises, stop these hatreds amongyourselves 4. In this account he even charges the Turks with violating the women ofAnatolia 5. This account was written 25 years after Urban's call in France and does not claimto give more than a general idea of the pope's arguments. [...]1 Penny J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095 1270, (Cambridge, Mass : MedievalAcademy of America, 1991), 11. 2 James A. Brundage, The crusades. Motives and Achievements. (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964), 7. 3 Jonathan and Louise Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095-1274, (London: Edward Arnold,1981), 42. 4 Ibid., 44. 5 P.W. Edbury (ed.), Crusade and settlement. (Cardiff: University College Cardiff Press, 1985), 61.

Essay from the year 2003 in the subject History of Europe - Middle Ages, Early Modern Age, grade: 61 %, University of Wales, Aberystwyth (Department of History), language: English, abstract: Before we can consider the reasons for the success of the First Crusade, we have to first asksome initial questions that should be kept in mind throughout my essay. To begin with, wehave to raise the question if the crusade was a success. To do so we have to establish whatqualifies as a success. To judge its success is to compare the ideals and aims of the crusadewith what happened and what was actually achieved. Here, though, we meet yet anotherproblem in that we ask which aims should we look at? Those of pope Urban II? Those of themilitary leadership of the crusade, or those of the ordinary participants? Finally, we maywish to define success. Let us start by asking what the aims of the First Crusade were. The most obvious place to look for aims is Pope Urban II's speech, made on 27November 1095 at the Council of Clermont. At this meeting Pope Urban II respondedpublicly for the first time to Alexius Comnenus' appeal for help against the Muslims, to stemthe flood of Turkish violence 1, that had almost reached the Bosporus. There are four2 mainaccounts of the speech; those of Fulcher of Chartres, Robert the Monk, Guibert of Nogent,and Baldric of Bourgueil. His first appeal, which all four sources mention, is for thecessation of hostilities between fellow Christians and the unification of Christendom. Fulcher of Chartres quotes Urban as saying those who once waged war against their brothersand blood relatives should fight lawfully against barbarians 3, Robert the Monk s accountUrban comments on Christians fighting each other and advises, stop these hatreds amongyourselves 4. In this account he even charges the Turks with violating the women ofAnatolia 5. This account was written 25 years after Urban's call in France and does not claimto give more than a general idea of the pope's arguments. [...]1 Penny J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095 1270, (Cambridge, Mass : MedievalAcademy of America, 1991), 11. 2 James A. Brundage, The crusades. Motives and Achievements. (Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 1964), 7. 3 Jonathan and Louise Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095-1274, (London: Edward Arnold,1981), 42. 4 Ibid., 44. 5 P.W. Edbury (ed.), Crusade and settlement. (Cardiff: University College Cardiff Press, 1985), 61.