Outi Lehtipuu, Ph.D. (2004) in theology, University of Helsinki, is postdoctoral researcher at the University of Helsinki. She has published articles on different beliefs concerning the post-mortem fate and currently writes on the belief in resurrection and the afterlife in the Nag Hammadi texts.

"...refined, critical, ... a solid piece of scholarship..." – George W.E. Nickelsburg"This study is a helpful treatment of a specific detail in Luke's narrative" – Paul Foster, University of Edinburgh, in: Expository Times, May 2009"the extensive research on the primary source backgrounds contained in this volume may provide students with a good resource." – Nicholas Perrin, in: Bulletin for Biblical Research 19.4

• I INTRODUCTION1. The Problem2. Previous Research and Its Evaluation2.1. The Legacy of Jülicher and Gressmann2.2. The Key Issues in More Recent ResearchA Story Composed of Two Parts?An Original Teaching of Jesus?A Derivative of a Demotic Folktale?3. The Purpose of This StudyII DIVIDING THE DEAD: THE HELLENISTIC MATRIX 4. Preliminary Remarks: From Fixed Parallels to Intertextuality5. Differentiated Fates in Greco-Roman Sources5.1. Death in the Homeric Epics5.2. Towards an Individual Treatment of the DeadRewards and Punishments after DeathThe Question of “Orphic Influence”5.3. Concepts of Afterlife in Hellenistic and Roman TimesPhilosophical Treatments of the Fate of the SoulThe Immortal Soul in Cicero, Pseudo-Plato, and Plutarch6. Differentiated Fates: Only an Elite View?6.1. The Ambiguity of the Epigraphic Sources6.2. Popular Views Reflected in Literary Sources7. Differentiated Fates in Jewish Sources7.1. The Fate of the Dead in the Hebrew Bible7.2. Apocalyptic Eschatology and Individual Afterlife1 Enoch 22Other ApocalypsesOther Accounts of Differentiated Fates7.3. Divergent Beliefs within First Century Judaism8. Summary of Part TwoIII LUKE’S DESCRIPTION OF THE HEREAFTER IN CONTEXT9. Preliminary Remarks: The Function of the Afterlife Scene10. The Structural Themes of the Story10.1. Reversal of Fates after DeathLucian: Death as the Great EqualizerEpistle of Enoch: Struggle between the Righteous and SinnersThe Finality of the Reversal10.2. Message from the World of the Dead11. Details of the Description11.1. Angels Escorting the Dead11.2. Abraham in the Hereafter11.3. Torment of the Rich Man, Consolation of Lazarus11.4. The Separating Chasm11.5. Bodily Existence12. Summary of Part ThreeIV AFTERLIFE IMAGERY IN LUKE-ACTS13. Preliminary Remarks: A Consistent Eschatological Scheme?14. The Rich Man and Lazarus and Luke’s Eschatology14.1. Jesus’ Role in the Eschatological Salvation14.2. Eschatology – Future or Present, Collective or IndividualResurrection – When and for Whom?15. The Fate of the Individual after Death15.1. Hades – Interim Abode or Final Destiny?Hades and Gehenna15.2. The Good Lot of the RighteousParadiseEternal HabitationsKingdom of God, Eternal Life, Heaven16. Summary of Part FourV CONCLUSIONSBIBLIOGRAPHYA. Texts, Translations, and Reference WorksB. Secondary Literature

Outi Lehtipuu, Ph.D. (2004) in theology, University of Helsinki, is postdoctoral researcher at the University of Helsinki. She has published articles on different beliefs concerning the post-mortem fate and currently writes on the belief in resurrection and the afterlife in the Nag Hammadi texts.

"...refined, critical, ... a solid piece of scholarship..." – George W.E. Nickelsburg"This study is a helpful treatment of a specific detail in Luke's narrative" – Paul Foster, University of Edinburgh, in: Expository Times, May 2009"the extensive research on the primary source backgrounds contained in this volume may provide students with a good resource." – Nicholas Perrin, in: Bulletin for Biblical Research 19.4

• I INTRODUCTION1. The Problem2. Previous Research and Its Evaluation2.1. The Legacy of Jülicher and Gressmann2.2. The Key Issues in More Recent ResearchA Story Composed of Two Parts?An Original Teaching of Jesus?A Derivative of a Demotic Folktale?3. The Purpose of This StudyII DIVIDING THE DEAD: THE HELLENISTIC MATRIX 4. Preliminary Remarks: From Fixed Parallels to Intertextuality5. Differentiated Fates in Greco-Roman Sources5.1. Death in the Homeric Epics5.2. Towards an Individual Treatment of the DeadRewards and Punishments after DeathThe Question of “Orphic Influence”5.3. Concepts of Afterlife in Hellenistic and Roman TimesPhilosophical Treatments of the Fate of the SoulThe Immortal Soul in Cicero, Pseudo-Plato, and Plutarch6. Differentiated Fates: Only an Elite View?6.1. The Ambiguity of the Epigraphic Sources6.2. Popular Views Reflected in Literary Sources7. Differentiated Fates in Jewish Sources7.1. The Fate of the Dead in the Hebrew Bible7.2. Apocalyptic Eschatology and Individual Afterlife1 Enoch 22Other ApocalypsesOther Accounts of Differentiated Fates7.3. Divergent Beliefs within First Century Judaism8. Summary of Part TwoIII LUKE’S DESCRIPTION OF THE HEREAFTER IN CONTEXT9. Preliminary Remarks: The Function of the Afterlife Scene10. The Structural Themes of the Story10.1. Reversal of Fates after DeathLucian: Death as the Great EqualizerEpistle of Enoch: Struggle between the Righteous and SinnersThe Finality of the Reversal10.2. Message from the World of the Dead11. Details of the Description11.1. Angels Escorting the Dead11.2. Abraham in the Hereafter11.3. Torment of the Rich Man, Consolation of Lazarus11.4. The Separating Chasm11.5. Bodily Existence12. Summary of Part ThreeIV AFTERLIFE IMAGERY IN LUKE-ACTS13. Preliminary Remarks: A Consistent Eschatological Scheme?14. The Rich Man and Lazarus and Luke’s Eschatology14.1. Jesus’ Role in the Eschatological Salvation14.2. Eschatology – Future or Present, Collective or IndividualResurrection – When and for Whom?15. The Fate of the Individual after Death15.1. Hades – Interim Abode or Final Destiny?Hades and Gehenna15.2. The Good Lot of the RighteousParadiseEternal HabitationsKingdom of God, Eternal Life, Heaven16. Summary of Part FourV CONCLUSIONSBIBLIOGRAPHYA. Texts, Translations, and Reference WorksB. Secondary Literature

Outi Lehtipuu, Ph.D. (2004) in theology, University of Helsinki, is postdoctoral researcher at the University of Helsinki. She has published articles on different beliefs concerning the post-mortem fate and currently writes on the belief in resurrection and the afterlife in the Nag Hammadi texts.

"...refined, critical, ... a solid piece of scholarship..." – George W.E. Nickelsburg"This study is a helpful treatment of a specific detail in Luke's narrative" – Paul Foster, University of Edinburgh, in: Expository Times, May 2009"the extensive research on the primary source backgrounds contained in this volume may provide students with a good resource." – Nicholas Perrin, in: Bulletin for Biblical Research 19.4

• I INTRODUCTION1. The Problem2. Previous Research and Its Evaluation2.1. The Legacy of Jülicher and Gressmann2.2. The Key Issues in More Recent ResearchA Story Composed of Two Parts?An Original Teaching of Jesus?A Derivative of a Demotic Folktale?3. The Purpose of This StudyII DIVIDING THE DEAD: THE HELLENISTIC MATRIX 4. Preliminary Remarks: From Fixed Parallels to Intertextuality5. Differentiated Fates in Greco-Roman Sources5.1. Death in the Homeric Epics5.2. Towards an Individual Treatment of the DeadRewards and Punishments after DeathThe Question of “Orphic Influence”5.3. Concepts of Afterlife in Hellenistic and Roman TimesPhilosophical Treatments of the Fate of the SoulThe Immortal Soul in Cicero, Pseudo-Plato, and Plutarch6. Differentiated Fates: Only an Elite View?6.1. The Ambiguity of the Epigraphic Sources6.2. Popular Views Reflected in Literary Sources7. Differentiated Fates in Jewish Sources7.1. The Fate of the Dead in the Hebrew Bible7.2. Apocalyptic Eschatology and Individual Afterlife1 Enoch 22Other ApocalypsesOther Accounts of Differentiated Fates7.3. Divergent Beliefs within First Century Judaism8. Summary of Part TwoIII LUKE’S DESCRIPTION OF THE HEREAFTER IN CONTEXT9. Preliminary Remarks: The Function of the Afterlife Scene10. The Structural Themes of the Story10.1. Reversal of Fates after DeathLucian: Death as the Great EqualizerEpistle of Enoch: Struggle between the Righteous and SinnersThe Finality of the Reversal10.2. Message from the World of the Dead11. Details of the Description11.1. Angels Escorting the Dead11.2. Abraham in the Hereafter11.3. Torment of the Rich Man, Consolation of Lazarus11.4. The Separating Chasm11.5. Bodily Existence12. Summary of Part ThreeIV AFTERLIFE IMAGERY IN LUKE-ACTS13. Preliminary Remarks: A Consistent Eschatological Scheme?14. The Rich Man and Lazarus and Luke’s Eschatology14.1. Jesus’ Role in the Eschatological Salvation14.2. Eschatology – Future or Present, Collective or IndividualResurrection – When and for Whom?15. The Fate of the Individual after Death15.1. Hades – Interim Abode or Final Destiny?Hades and Gehenna15.2. The Good Lot of the RighteousParadiseEternal HabitationsKingdom of God, Eternal Life, Heaven16. Summary of Part FourV CONCLUSIONSBIBLIOGRAPHYA. Texts, Translations, and Reference WorksB. Secondary Literature