Between Caravan and Sultan: The Bayruk of Southern Morocco

Mohamed Hassan Mohamed received his education (BA and MA) at the University of Khartoum (Sudan). He holds a Ph.D. in History from the University of Alberta, Canada. Currently, he is an assistant professor at the University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada.

• CONTENTSPreface and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiNote on Transliteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixGlossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiMaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviiIntroduction: The Bayruk and the Academy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Casualties of Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Scope: Sources and Outline of Chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12I History, Identity and Textuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19History: Dynasty, Caravan and Qabila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Identity: Primordialist and Discursive Paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Textuality: Modern Tribe, Postmodern Qabila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51II Antique Space, Upstart Qabila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Subaltern Voices: Takna Narratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Lure of Antiquity: Ethnography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70From Moor to Tribe: Travelogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83For Caravan and Sultan: Biographies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100“Taught by the Pen”: Prelude to Takna? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104“In the Company of the Sultan”: Suturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125III A Futuristc Past: Archeology of the Bayruk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Colonial Ethnography, Pre-colonial History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Speaking for Ancestry: The Bayruk Narrative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Tuwat: Space, History and Identity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Merits of Silence, Perils of Revelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Becoming Takna: Spatiality and Textuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201IV Caravan of the Bayruk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211In the Shadow of the Caravan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Caravan of the Author: Metaphors of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Rites of “Holy Cause”: Caravan of Slaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Caravan of the Bayruk: Gum and Khunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256V Spoils of War, Bounties of Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278Creatures of the Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Benevolent Displacement: Ubaydallah “the Fugitive” . . . . . . . . . . . 286Adjutants of Sultans: Haha Qaid, Susian Trader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297Avid Trader, Reluctant Warrior: Shaykh Bayruk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304Passage to Europe: ‘Legitimate’ Trade, Forbidden Markets . . . . . . 310End of an Era: Wealth in Politics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322Conclusion: Casualties of Translation, Fetters of Textuality . . . . . . . . . . 336Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 347Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 357