Nomads, Migrants and Cotton in the Eastern Mediterranean

Meltem Toksöz, Ph.D. (2001) in History, SUNY Binghamton, is Professor of Late Ottoman History at Boğaziçi University, Turkey. She has published articles on late Ottoman Armenian and Greek communities of Cilicia/Çukurova, and co-edited Cities of the Mediterranean (IB Tauris, 2010).

• CONTENTSList of Tables ...................................................................................... ixList of Maps and Illustrations ......................................................... xiList of Abbreviations ......................................................................... xiiiNote on Weights, Measure and Currencies .................................. xvAcknowledgements ............................................................................ xviiIntroduction ........................................................................................ 1Between Local and Global: A Story of Ottoman Modernization? ........................... 1Reform in Provincial History: Toward a New Context .......... 7Ottoman Çukurova: Beyond the Province of Adana or the Cilician Territory .......... 10PART ITHE LANDSCAPE, THE PEOPLE AND THE STATEChapter One Spatial and Temporal Dynamics: Nomads and Settlers .................... 19The Landscape and the People: An Historical Geography .... 21From Nomadic Life to Sedentarization: 18th and 19th Centuries ............................. 29Chapter Two The State: Political and Legal Dynamics from the Egyptians to the Ottoman Reforms ......... 41Egyptian Penetration and New Beginnings, 1832–1840 ......... 41Ibrahim Pasha in Çukurova .................................................... 42Laborers, Irrigation, Crops: New Measures ......................... 46Administering Balance: Urban and Rural Çukurova ......... 49Achilles’ Heel: What Egyptians Did Not Do ....................... 51The Aftermath of Egyptian Rule ............................................ 53Ottoman Involvement: New Frameworks, 1839–1880 ........... 55Tanzimat and Provincial Reform in Çukurova ....................... 57Provincial Networks: The Later Additions ........................... 59Local Government: Çukurova Configured and Configuring Çukurova ......... 61Forced Settlement ..................................................................... 65Settlement of Immigrants in the 1870s ................................. 73PART IICONSTRUCTION OF THE REGIONAL ECONOMYChapter Three Migration and Family Networks: Enterprising a Port-City .............. 85Spatial Beginnings: The Port and the Town ............................. 88Surrounding Mersin: Roads, the Railroad and Caravans ... 94Migrants and Merchants: The Human Network ..................... 106Chapter Four A New Region: Landholders and Industrialists .................................. 135Producing Cotton: Setbacks and Prospects .............................. 138Extension of Cultivation: Cotton, “everybody’s concern” 138Registering Land and Importing Machinery: Wealth in Çukurova from the 1870s to the 1890s ......... 160Mechanization ........................................................................... 168Estate Formation: The Ceyhan Sub-region .......................... 176Industrial Production ................................................................... 182Conclusion .......................................................................................... 189By Way of an Epilogue: World War I and After ..................... 198Bibliography ........................................................................................ 205Index .................................................................................................... 219