Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831

Panos Sophoulis, D.Phil. (2005) in History, University of Oxford, is Lecturer in History at the University of Athens. He has published several articles on Byzantine, Bulgarian and medieval Balkan history.

In their appraisal of the publication, the John Bell Book Prize Committee states: “Through impressive documentation from Byzantine and Western sources, and integration of recent archaeological discoveries, Sophoulis provides a thorough explanation and convincing analysis of this critical period: the iconoclasm controversy, numerous changes of ruler in the Byzantine Empire, the disastrous defeat of the Emperor Nikephoros in 811, and the resulting expansion of the Bulgarian state under khans Krum and Omurtag. In particular, his detailed discussions of the conventional historiography, why it must be re-evaluated in the light of material evidence, and what new information this approach elicits, provide a thorough explanation and convincing analysis of this important period.”Excerpt taken from the congratulation letter from the Bulgarian Studies Association (BSA), November 15th, 2013

• Preface ... ixA Note on Transliteration ... xiList of Maps and Illustrations ... xiiiAbbreviations ... xvIntroduction ... 11. The Sources ... 51.1 The Chronographia ... 51.1.1 Authorship and Date of Composition ... 51.1.2 Theophanes and the Bulgars ... 141.1.3 The Bulgar Narrative ... 15a) The Years 775–802 ... 15b) The Years 802–810 ... 17c) The Campaign of 811 ... 18d) The Years 811–813 ... 201.2 The Chronicle of 811 and the Scriptor Incertus de Leone Armenio ... 23a) The Campaign of 811 ... 32b) The Years 813–814 ... 321.3 George the Monk, the Logothete’s Chronicle and the Scriptores Post Theophanem ... 34a) The Battle of Mesembria ... 361.4 Hagiography ... 37a) The Story of the Martyrs of Adrianople ... 381.5 Other Byzantine Literary Sources ... 391.6 Syriac, Arabic, Armenian and Frankish Sources ... 411.7 The Proto-Bulgarian Inscriptions ... 441.8 Archaeology ... 472. The Geographical and Historical Setting ... 512.1 The Physical Context, Routes and Cities ... 512.2 The Internal Organization of the Khanate ... 652.2.1 Social, Political and Military Organization ... 652.2.2 The Religion of the Proto-Bulgarians ... 792.3 The Historical Background of the Conflict ... 892.4 The Byzantine and Bulgar Defence ... 953. Bulgaria’s Northern Neighbours and the Black Sea Zone in the Seventh to Ninth Centuries ... 1053.1 From “Old Great Bulgaria” to the Danube Khanate. The Historical Background to Asparuch’s Migration to the Balkans ... 1053.2 Bulgaria’s Northern Neighbours, Late Seventh to Early Ninth Century: A Brief Overview ... 1123.2.1 The Geographical Setting ... 1133.2.2 Wallachia and the Bulgars ... 1173.2.3 The Southern Regions of the Carpathian Basin ... 1193.2.4 Transylvania ... 1243.2.5 The Steppes North of the Black Sea ... 1293.2.6 The Crimea ... 1354. Conflict and Contact, 775–802 ... 1434.1 The Byzantine Empire under Leo IV (775–780) ... 1434.2 Byzantine-Bulgar Relations under Leo IV ... 1464.3 The Empire under Irene and Constantine VI (780–802) ... 1494.4 Byzantium and Bulgaria, 780–802 ... 1595. Emperor versus Khan: Byzantium and Bulgaria, 802–811 ...1735.1 The Byzantine Empire under Nikephoros I ... 1735.2 Byzantine-Bulgar Relations from 802 to 810 ... 1805.2.1 The Collapse of the Avar Qaghanate and the Bulgars 1805.2.2 Nikephoros’ Balkan Expansion and the War with Bulgaria ... 1845.3 The Campaign of 811 ... 1926. The Bulgar Offensive, 811–814 ... 2176.1 The Empire under Michael I (811–813) ... 2176.2 The Byzantine-Bulgar War During the Reign of Michael I ... 2216.2.1 From Nikephoros’ Defeat to the Fall of Mesembria ... 2216.2.2 The Byzantine Campaign of 813 and the Battle of Versinikia ... 2346.3 The War in Leo V’s Reign ... 2456.3.1 Byzantium under Leo V (813–820) ... 2456.3.2 The Bulgar Siege of Constantinople ... 2496.3.3 The War until the Death of Krum (April 814) ... 2587. The Last Phase of the War and the Conclusion of the Thirty Years’ Peace ... 2657.1 The Internal Crisis in Bulgaria and the Battle of Mesembria ... 2657.2 The Thirty Years’ Peace ... 2758. The Reign of Omurtag and the Transformation of Early Medieval Bulgaria ... 2878.1 Reconstructing Omurtag’s Power ... 2878.2 Bulgaria and Byzantium During the Reign of Omurtag ... 306Conclusion ... 311Bibliography ... 321Index ... 361. 515