Tiziana Andina, Ph.D. (2003), is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Turin, Italy. She has published monographs and many articles in different topics of philosophy and philosophy of art, including: Arthur Danto: Philosopher of Pop (Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2011) and The Philosophy of Art: The Question of Definition. From Hegel to Post-Dantian Theories (Bloomsbury 2013).

• TABLE OF CONTENTSPREFACEBY TIZIANA ANDINAINTRODUCTIONBY MAURIZIO FERRARIS 0. The Death and Resurrection of Philosophy1. Philosophy in Postmodern Times2. The Old Synthesis—Relativism3. The Analytics Land on the Continent4. The New Synthesis—RealismCHAPTER IMETAPHISYCS AND ONTOLOGY BY TIZIANA ANDINA AND ANDREA BORGHINI1.1. The Beginnings1.1.0. At the Roots of Metaphysics1.1.1. Common Sense, Science and Metaphysics1.1.2. The Two Metaphysics—Describing and Prescribing1.1.3. Existence1.1.4. Identity1.1.5. Individuals, Events and Properties1.1.6. Types of Properties and Relations1.1.7. Possibilities and Necessities1.2. Things that Exist1.2.1. On Catalogues and World Maps1.3. Regional Ontologies1.3.1. Social Ontology1.3.2. The Bases of Social Actions—Alessia’s Walk1.3.3. The “We” as Plural Subject and Its Beliefs1.3.4. Institutions and Institutional Facts1.3.5. Social ObjectsCHAPTER TWOEPISTEMOLOGYBY MARIA CRISTINA AMORETTI AND ANNALISA COLIVA2.1. The Traditional Definition of Knowledge2.1.1. Knowledge as Justified True Belief 2.1.2. The Necessity of the Three Conditions 2.1.3. The Gettier Problem 2.2. Justification and Knowledge2.2.1. Classical Theories of Justification and Internalism 2.2.2. Reliabilism and Externalism 2.2.3. The Problem of the Value of Knowledge and Virtue Epistemology 2.3. Scepticism and the External World2.3.1. The Externalist Response of the First Type 2.3.2. The Externalist Response of the Second Type—Denying the Principle of Epistemic Closure2.3.3. The Contextualist Response2.3.4. Internalism and entitlement2.4. Epistemic Relativism2.4.1. Relativism about knowledge attributions2.4.2. Relativism about justificationCHAPTER IIILANGUAGEBY CAROLA BARBERO AND STEFANO CAPUTO3.1. The Dominant Paradigm3.1.1. Meaning and Truth-Conditions3.1.1.1. Wittgenstein’s Tractatus3.1.1.2. Tarski3.1.2. Senses and Intensions3.1.3. Formal Semantics3.1.3.1. Model-Theoretic Semantics 3.1.3.2. Davidson: Truth and Meaning3.2. Beyond the Dominant Paradigm3.2.1. The Theory of Direct Reference3.2.1.1. Kripke versus Descriptivism3.2.1.2. Putman—Meanings Just Ain’t In The Head3.2.1.3. Kaplan—The Character and Content of Indexical Expressions3.2.1.4. The Limits of Direct Reference—Two-Dimensionalism3.2.2. Cognitive Semantics3.2.3. Goodbye Truth—Meaning, Use, Verification3.2.3.1. Dummett—Truth and Assertibility3.2.3.2. Conceptual-Role Semantics3.2.4. The Contextual Paradigm3.2.4.1. Semantics and Pragmatics in the Dominant Paradigm3.2.4.2. Of Ordinary Language Philosophy. Wittgenstein, Austin, Grice3.2.4.3. Contextualism3.2.4.4. The Letteralist Front—Minimalists and Relativists3.2.4.5. What’s at StakeCHAPTER IVLOGIC AND MATHEMATICSBY ANDREA PEDEFERRI AND FRANCESCO BERTO4.1. Philosophy of Logic and Logical Philosophy4.1.1. The Overview After the Crisis of Foundations4.1.2. One Logic, Many Logics4.1.3. Logic and Other Disciplines4.2. Theories of Truth4.2.1. Truth as Adaequatio—Correspondence Theory4.2.2. Truth as Coherence 4.2.3. Tarski’s Semantic Theory4.2.4. Truth as Disquotation: Deflationism4.3. Model Theories4.3.1. From Tarski to Robinson4.3.2. Semantic Theories and Mathematics4.3.3. Applications4.4. Possible Worlds and Modal Logic4.4.1. Modalities and the Intuition of Possible Worlds4.4.2. Propositional Modal Logic and Accessibility4.4.3. Quantified Modal Logic—Constant Domains4.4.4. Quantified Modal Logic—Variable Domains4.5. Conditionals4.5.1. The Material Conditional4.5.2. The Strict Conditional4.5.3. Counterfactuals and Possible Worlds4.6. Intuitionism4.6.1. Brouwer and the Constructions of the Mind4.6.1. Excluded Middle and Intuitionistic Systems4.6.2. The Intuitionistic Threat and the Defenses of Finitism4.7. Paraconsistent and Relevant Logics 4.7.1. Ex contradictione quodlibet4.7.2. Gaps and Gluts—Many-Valued Paraconsistent Logics4.7.3. Relevance Logic, Relevant Conditional4.7.4. Impossible Worlds and Beyond CHAPTER VMIND BY LUCA ANGELONE AND DANIELA TAGLIAFICO5.1. The Problem of Consciousness5.1.1. Anti-Physicalism5.1.2. Nagel’s Argument5.1.3. Mary and the Consciousness Argument5.1.4. Objections to the Knowledge Argument5.1.5. Chalmers and the Conceivability Argument5.1.6. Objections to the Conceivability Argument5.2. The Extended Mind5.2.1. The Original Formulation5.2.2. Criticisms of the Idea of Extended Mind5.2.3. Active Externalism and Passive Externalism5.3. The Sensorimotor Paradigm5.3.1. Experimental Evidence5.3.2. The Enactive Approach to Perception5.3.3. Direct PerceptionCHAPTER VISCIENCEBY ELENA CASETTA AND GIULIANO TORRENGO 6.1 Philosophy of General Science6.1.1 The starting point6.1.2. Science as a human and Historical Activity6.1.3. The Problem of Demarcation6.1.4. Induction and Justification6.1.5. Explanation, Causality, and Laws of Nature6.2. The Philosophy of Special Sciences 6.2.1. Realisms and Anti-realisms6.2.2. A Case from the Philosophy of Physics6.2.3 A Case from the Philosophy of BiologyCHAPTER VIIETHICSBY FRANCESCA DE VECCHI, FILIPPO MAGNI AND VERA TRIPODI7.1 The Discussion on the Foundations of Ethics7.1.1. The Areas of Ethics7.1.2. The New Phase of Metaethics7.1.3. Meaning and Ontology7.1.4. Realist Cognitivism7.1.5. Antirealist Cognitivism7.1.6. Non-Cognitivism7.2. Acting in the Social World7.2.1. Desire-Independent Reasons for Acting7.2.2. Solitary versus Heterotropic Acting7.2.3. Social Acts versus Collective Actions7.2.4. The Normative Efficacy of the Social World—Social Acts and Collective Intentions7.2.5. Fulfillment and Actions in the Social World7.3 Sex and gender, the individual beyond the limits of classification7.3.1. Children and Intersexuality—Dignity and Patients’ Right to Self-Determination7.3.2. Parenthood, Adoption and Sexual Orientation. What Does It Mean to be a Mother or a Father and Who has the Right to be One?7.3.3. Family and Reproductive ChoicesCHAPTER VIIIPOLITICS BY VALERIA OTTONELLI AND ITALO TESTA8.1. Power and democratic legitimacy8.1.1. Democracy between reality and ideals8.1.2. Consensus and dissent in the public sphere8.1.3. Dissent, pluralism and counterpower8.2. Recognition and oppression8.2.1. Multiculturalism After the Politics of Identity8.2.2. Social Ontology, Contempt and Struggles for Recognition8.2.3. Symbolic Conflicts, Redistribution and Ideological Power8.3. Body politics8.3.1. Politics of the Body and of Care8.3.2. Human Nature and Capacity8.3.3. Life and Power8.3.4. Environmental Politics8.4. Distributive Justice8.4.1. The Revival of Economic Justice and the Crisis of the Welfare State8.4.2. The Object of Distribution8.4.3. Desert and Responsibility8.4.4. Justice between Generations8.5. Human Rights, Global Justice, Immigration8.5.1. Human Rights8.5.2. Global Justice8.5.3 ImmigrationCHAPTER IXAESTHETICSBY ALESSANDRO ARBO AND CHIARA CAPPELLETTO 9.1. Art, Perception, Beauty9.2. Neuroaesthetics 9.2.1. An Aesthetics of Reaction9.2.2 Reception as Re-creation9.3 Difficulties of Aesthetic Judgment9.3.1. Experience and Judgment 9.3.2. Concepts and Aesthetic properties, Between Relativism and Realism9.4. Image and reality: An Ancient Competition 9.4.1. Image to See, Image to Touch9.4.2. Visual Image or Artistic Image?9.5. Work/Works BIBLIOGRAPHYINDEX OF NAMESAUTHORS