Dr. Syed Ahmed, LLM (2008) & J.S.D (2014), Thomas Jefferson School of Law, is the founder and chairman of the Identity Crime Prevention Institute, an organization dedicated to victim assistance and developing identity crime prevention solutions around the world.

• PrefaceAcknowledgementsList of Illustrations1 The Problem of Identity Crime2 What is Identity?Introductionemsp;2.1 When We Say “Identity,” What Do We Mean?emsp;2.2 Identity – Dictionary Definitionsemsp;2.3 Identity Properties and Attributesemsp;2.4 Identity – the Psychological Viewemsp;2.5 Identity – the Philosophical Viewemsp;2.6 Identity – the Legal Viewemsp;2.7 Means of Verifying Legal Identityemsp;2.8 Digital Identityemsp;2.9 Conclusion3 Identity Crime Framework and Model: Five Components of Identity Crime and the Different Illegal Methods of Acquiring and Using Identity Information and DocumentsIntroductionemsp;3.1 Clarification of Terms: Identity Theft, Identity Fraud, and Identity Crimeemsp;3.2 Goal of Identity Crimesemsp;3.3 The Identity Crime Frameworkemsp;3.4 Identity Crime Frameworkemsp;3.5 Five Components of Identity Crime Modelemsp;3.6 Techniques and Strategies Used for Illegal Acquisitionemsp;3.7 Producing and Manipulating Identity Information and Documentsemsp;3.8 Transfer – Identity Traffickingemsp;3.9 Possessionemsp;3.10 Use – Criminals’ Goals and the Kinds of Crimes They Commit When Using Acquired Information or Documentsemsp;3.11 Conclusion4 Threat Agents and the Impact of Identity CrimeIntroductionemsp;4.1 Identity Crime Threat Assessment Model and Threat Agent Identification and Analysisemsp;4.2 The Impact of Identity Crimeemsp;4.3 Costs of Identity Crime by Useemsp;4.4 Conclusion5 International Trends in Addressing Identity CrimeIntroductionemsp;5.1 International Organizationsemsp;5.2 Conclusion6 Identity Crime Legislation in the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdomemsp;Introductionemsp;Part A: United States Statutesemsp;6A.1 Introductionemsp;6A.2 Identity-Crime-Specific Statutesemsp;6A.3 Identity-Crime-Related Statutesemsp;6A.4 Civil Statutes to Prevent Identity Crimes and Recover Identityemsp;6A.5 State Statutesemsp;Part B: Canadian Statutesemsp;6B.1 Introductionemsp;6B.2 Analysis of Canada’s Identity Crime Statutes and Related Statutesemsp;6B.3 Criminal Codeemsp;6B.4 Privacy Actemsp;6B.5 Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Actemsp;6B.6 Changes Recommended by Concerned Organizationsemsp;Part C: Australiaemsp;6C.1 Introductionemsp;6C.2 National Identity Security Strategyemsp;6C.3 Federal System – State and Territorial Lawsemsp;6C.4 Australian Criminal Codeemsp;6C.5 Financial Transaction Reports Act 1988emsp;6C.6 Travel Document Offensesemsp;6C.7 Privacy Act 1988emsp;6C.8 South Australia’s Identity Crime Provisionsemsp;6C.9 Queensland’s Identity Crime Provisionsemsp;6C.10 New South Wales’ Crimes Act 1900emsp;6C.11 Tasmania’s Computer Fraud Statuteemsp;Part D: United Kingdom Statutesemsp;6D.1 Introductionemsp;6D.2 Analysis of the U.K.’s Identity-Crime-Related Statutesemsp;6D.3 Identity Cards Act 2006 emsp;6D.4 Fraud Act 2006 emsp;6D.5 Theft Act 1968emsp;6D.6 Computer Misuse Act 1990emsp;6D.7 Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981emsp;6D.8 Data Protection Act 1998emsp;6D.9 Conclusion7 Identity Crime Prevention and Impact Minimization StrategyIntroductionemsp;7.1 Proposed Approaches to Identity Crime Preventionemsp;7.2 Developing an International Identity Crime Treatyemsp;7.3 Developing Identity Information and Documents with Real Time Authentication and Verificationemsp;7.4 Authenticationemsp;7.5 Business Policiesemsp;7.6 Consumer Educationemsp;7.7 Consumer Actionsemsp;7.8 Foundation Documentsemsp;7.9 Medical Identity Crime Preventionemsp;7.10 Victim Cooperationemsp;7.11 Offendersemsp;7.12 Law Enforcement Policiesemsp;7.13 Government Policiesemsp;7.14 Information Sharingemsp;7.15 International Collaboration and Effortsemsp;7.16 Public- Private Partnershipsemsp;7.17 Data Protection through Technologyemsp;7.18 Training Programs and Initiativesemsp;7.19 Meeting the Challenges of Identity Fraud Preventionemsp;7.20 Evaluating Identity Crime Prevention and Impact Minimization Techniquesemsp;7.21 Conclusionemsp;7.22 Appendix: Table of Identity Crime Prevention and Impact Minimization Techniques8 Privacy, Anonymity, and Identity Crimeemsp;Introductionemsp;8.1 The Identity Crime Privacy Modelemsp;8.2 Fair Information Practices (fip s)emsp;8.3 Privacy Taxonomiesemsp;8.4 Personally Identifiable Information (pii)emsp;8.5 Data Miningemsp;8.6 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (pet s) emsp;8.7 Anonymityemsp;8.8 Anonymizationemsp;8.9 Data Loss and Data Loss Prevention (dlp)emsp;8.10 The Identity Crime Prevention Model and Privacy by Designemsp;8.11 Conclusion9 Convention on Identity Crimeemsp;Introductionemsp;9.1 Preambleemsp;9.2 Chapter i – Use of Termsemsp;9.3 Chapter ii – Measures To Be Taken at the National Levelemsp;9.4 Chapter iii – International Cooperationemsp;9.5 Chapter iv – Final Provisions10 ConclusionAppendix 1: Table of CasesAppendix 2: Table of StatutesBibliographyIndex

Dr. Syed Ahmed, LLM (2008) & J.S.D (2014), Thomas Jefferson School of Law, is the founder and chairman of the Identity Crime Prevention Institute, an organization dedicated to victim assistance and developing identity crime prevention solutions around the world.

• PrefaceAcknowledgementsList of Illustrations1 The Problem of Identity Crime2 What is Identity?Introductionemsp;2.1 When We Say “Identity,” What Do We Mean?emsp;2.2 Identity – Dictionary Definitionsemsp;2.3 Identity Properties and Attributesemsp;2.4 Identity – the Psychological Viewemsp;2.5 Identity – the Philosophical Viewemsp;2.6 Identity – the Legal Viewemsp;2.7 Means of Verifying Legal Identityemsp;2.8 Digital Identityemsp;2.9 Conclusion3 Identity Crime Framework and Model: Five Components of Identity Crime and the Different Illegal Methods of Acquiring and Using Identity Information and DocumentsIntroductionemsp;3.1 Clarification of Terms: Identity Theft, Identity Fraud, and Identity Crimeemsp;3.2 Goal of Identity Crimesemsp;3.3 The Identity Crime Frameworkemsp;3.4 Identity Crime Frameworkemsp;3.5 Five Components of Identity Crime Modelemsp;3.6 Techniques and Strategies Used for Illegal Acquisitionemsp;3.7 Producing and Manipulating Identity Information and Documentsemsp;3.8 Transfer – Identity Traffickingemsp;3.9 Possessionemsp;3.10 Use – Criminals’ Goals and the Kinds of Crimes They Commit When Using Acquired Information or Documentsemsp;3.11 Conclusion4 Threat Agents and the Impact of Identity CrimeIntroductionemsp;4.1 Identity Crime Threat Assessment Model and Threat Agent Identification and Analysisemsp;4.2 The Impact of Identity Crimeemsp;4.3 Costs of Identity Crime by Useemsp;4.4 Conclusion5 International Trends in Addressing Identity CrimeIntroductionemsp;5.1 International Organizationsemsp;5.2 Conclusion6 Identity Crime Legislation in the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdomemsp;Introductionemsp;Part A: United States Statutesemsp;6A.1 Introductionemsp;6A.2 Identity-Crime-Specific Statutesemsp;6A.3 Identity-Crime-Related Statutesemsp;6A.4 Civil Statutes to Prevent Identity Crimes and Recover Identityemsp;6A.5 State Statutesemsp;Part B: Canadian Statutesemsp;6B.1 Introductionemsp;6B.2 Analysis of Canada’s Identity Crime Statutes and Related Statutesemsp;6B.3 Criminal Codeemsp;6B.4 Privacy Actemsp;6B.5 Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Actemsp;6B.6 Changes Recommended by Concerned Organizationsemsp;Part C: Australiaemsp;6C.1 Introductionemsp;6C.2 National Identity Security Strategyemsp;6C.3 Federal System – State and Territorial Lawsemsp;6C.4 Australian Criminal Codeemsp;6C.5 Financial Transaction Reports Act 1988emsp;6C.6 Travel Document Offensesemsp;6C.7 Privacy Act 1988emsp;6C.8 South Australia’s Identity Crime Provisionsemsp;6C.9 Queensland’s Identity Crime Provisionsemsp;6C.10 New South Wales’ Crimes Act 1900emsp;6C.11 Tasmania’s Computer Fraud Statuteemsp;Part D: United Kingdom Statutesemsp;6D.1 Introductionemsp;6D.2 Analysis of the U.K.’s Identity-Crime-Related Statutesemsp;6D.3 Identity Cards Act 2006 emsp;6D.4 Fraud Act 2006 emsp;6D.5 Theft Act 1968emsp;6D.6 Computer Misuse Act 1990emsp;6D.7 Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981emsp;6D.8 Data Protection Act 1998emsp;6D.9 Conclusion7 Identity Crime Prevention and Impact Minimization StrategyIntroductionemsp;7.1 Proposed Approaches to Identity Crime Preventionemsp;7.2 Developing an International Identity Crime Treatyemsp;7.3 Developing Identity Information and Documents with Real Time Authentication and Verificationemsp;7.4 Authenticationemsp;7.5 Business Policiesemsp;7.6 Consumer Educationemsp;7.7 Consumer Actionsemsp;7.8 Foundation Documentsemsp;7.9 Medical Identity Crime Preventionemsp;7.10 Victim Cooperationemsp;7.11 Offendersemsp;7.12 Law Enforcement Policiesemsp;7.13 Government Policiesemsp;7.14 Information Sharingemsp;7.15 International Collaboration and Effortsemsp;7.16 Public- Private Partnershipsemsp;7.17 Data Protection through Technologyemsp;7.18 Training Programs and Initiativesemsp;7.19 Meeting the Challenges of Identity Fraud Preventionemsp;7.20 Evaluating Identity Crime Prevention and Impact Minimization Techniquesemsp;7.21 Conclusionemsp;7.22 Appendix: Table of Identity Crime Prevention and Impact Minimization Techniques8 Privacy, Anonymity, and Identity Crimeemsp;Introductionemsp;8.1 The Identity Crime Privacy Modelemsp;8.2 Fair Information Practices (fip s)emsp;8.3 Privacy Taxonomiesemsp;8.4 Personally Identifiable Information (pii)emsp;8.5 Data Miningemsp;8.6 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (pet s) emsp;8.7 Anonymityemsp;8.8 Anonymizationemsp;8.9 Data Loss and Data Loss Prevention (dlp)emsp;8.10 The Identity Crime Prevention Model and Privacy by Designemsp;8.11 Conclusion9 Convention on Identity Crimeemsp;Introductionemsp;9.1 Preambleemsp;9.2 Chapter i – Use of Termsemsp;9.3 Chapter ii – Measures To Be Taken at the National Levelemsp;9.4 Chapter iii – International Cooperationemsp;9.5 Chapter iv – Final Provisions10 ConclusionAppendix 1: Table of CasesAppendix 2: Table of StatutesBibliographyIndex

Dr. Syed Ahmed, LLM (2008) & J.S.D (2014), Thomas Jefferson School of Law, is the founder and chairman of the Identity Crime Prevention Institute, an organization dedicated to victim assistance and developing identity crime prevention solutions around the world.

• PrefaceAcknowledgementsList of Illustrations1 The Problem of Identity Crime2 What is Identity?Introductionemsp;2.1 When We Say “Identity,” What Do We Mean?emsp;2.2 Identity – Dictionary Definitionsemsp;2.3 Identity Properties and Attributesemsp;2.4 Identity – the Psychological Viewemsp;2.5 Identity – the Philosophical Viewemsp;2.6 Identity – the Legal Viewemsp;2.7 Means of Verifying Legal Identityemsp;2.8 Digital Identityemsp;2.9 Conclusion3 Identity Crime Framework and Model: Five Components of Identity Crime and the Different Illegal Methods of Acquiring and Using Identity Information and DocumentsIntroductionemsp;3.1 Clarification of Terms: Identity Theft, Identity Fraud, and Identity Crimeemsp;3.2 Goal of Identity Crimesemsp;3.3 The Identity Crime Frameworkemsp;3.4 Identity Crime Frameworkemsp;3.5 Five Components of Identity Crime Modelemsp;3.6 Techniques and Strategies Used for Illegal Acquisitionemsp;3.7 Producing and Manipulating Identity Information and Documentsemsp;3.8 Transfer – Identity Traffickingemsp;3.9 Possessionemsp;3.10 Use – Criminals’ Goals and the Kinds of Crimes They Commit When Using Acquired Information or Documentsemsp;3.11 Conclusion4 Threat Agents and the Impact of Identity CrimeIntroductionemsp;4.1 Identity Crime Threat Assessment Model and Threat Agent Identification and Analysisemsp;4.2 The Impact of Identity Crimeemsp;4.3 Costs of Identity Crime by Useemsp;4.4 Conclusion5 International Trends in Addressing Identity CrimeIntroductionemsp;5.1 International Organizationsemsp;5.2 Conclusion6 Identity Crime Legislation in the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdomemsp;Introductionemsp;Part A: United States Statutesemsp;6A.1 Introductionemsp;6A.2 Identity-Crime-Specific Statutesemsp;6A.3 Identity-Crime-Related Statutesemsp;6A.4 Civil Statutes to Prevent Identity Crimes and Recover Identityemsp;6A.5 State Statutesemsp;Part B: Canadian Statutesemsp;6B.1 Introductionemsp;6B.2 Analysis of Canada’s Identity Crime Statutes and Related Statutesemsp;6B.3 Criminal Codeemsp;6B.4 Privacy Actemsp;6B.5 Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Actemsp;6B.6 Changes Recommended by Concerned Organizationsemsp;Part C: Australiaemsp;6C.1 Introductionemsp;6C.2 National Identity Security Strategyemsp;6C.3 Federal System – State and Territorial Lawsemsp;6C.4 Australian Criminal Codeemsp;6C.5 Financial Transaction Reports Act 1988emsp;6C.6 Travel Document Offensesemsp;6C.7 Privacy Act 1988emsp;6C.8 South Australia’s Identity Crime Provisionsemsp;6C.9 Queensland’s Identity Crime Provisionsemsp;6C.10 New South Wales’ Crimes Act 1900emsp;6C.11 Tasmania’s Computer Fraud Statuteemsp;Part D: United Kingdom Statutesemsp;6D.1 Introductionemsp;6D.2 Analysis of the U.K.’s Identity-Crime-Related Statutesemsp;6D.3 Identity Cards Act 2006 emsp;6D.4 Fraud Act 2006 emsp;6D.5 Theft Act 1968emsp;6D.6 Computer Misuse Act 1990emsp;6D.7 Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981emsp;6D.8 Data Protection Act 1998emsp;6D.9 Conclusion7 Identity Crime Prevention and Impact Minimization StrategyIntroductionemsp;7.1 Proposed Approaches to Identity Crime Preventionemsp;7.2 Developing an International Identity Crime Treatyemsp;7.3 Developing Identity Information and Documents with Real Time Authentication and Verificationemsp;7.4 Authenticationemsp;7.5 Business Policiesemsp;7.6 Consumer Educationemsp;7.7 Consumer Actionsemsp;7.8 Foundation Documentsemsp;7.9 Medical Identity Crime Preventionemsp;7.10 Victim Cooperationemsp;7.11 Offendersemsp;7.12 Law Enforcement Policiesemsp;7.13 Government Policiesemsp;7.14 Information Sharingemsp;7.15 International Collaboration and Effortsemsp;7.16 Public- Private Partnershipsemsp;7.17 Data Protection through Technologyemsp;7.18 Training Programs and Initiativesemsp;7.19 Meeting the Challenges of Identity Fraud Preventionemsp;7.20 Evaluating Identity Crime Prevention and Impact Minimization Techniquesemsp;7.21 Conclusionemsp;7.22 Appendix: Table of Identity Crime Prevention and Impact Minimization Techniques8 Privacy, Anonymity, and Identity Crimeemsp;Introductionemsp;8.1 The Identity Crime Privacy Modelemsp;8.2 Fair Information Practices (fip s)emsp;8.3 Privacy Taxonomiesemsp;8.4 Personally Identifiable Information (pii)emsp;8.5 Data Miningemsp;8.6 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (pet s) emsp;8.7 Anonymityemsp;8.8 Anonymizationemsp;8.9 Data Loss and Data Loss Prevention (dlp)emsp;8.10 The Identity Crime Prevention Model and Privacy by Designemsp;8.11 Conclusion9 Convention on Identity Crimeemsp;Introductionemsp;9.1 Preambleemsp;9.2 Chapter i – Use of Termsemsp;9.3 Chapter ii – Measures To Be Taken at the National Levelemsp;9.4 Chapter iii – International Cooperationemsp;9.5 Chapter iv – Final Provisions10 ConclusionAppendix 1: Table of CasesAppendix 2: Table of StatutesBibliographyIndex