Baalbek-Heliopolis, the Bekaa, and Berytus from 100 BCE to 400 CE

Simone Eid Paturel studied Spanish and Latin American literature at Paris-Sorbonne University, Egyptology at the Institut Kheops in Paris, History and Archaeology (BA) and Philosophy (MA) at the University of London. She completed her PhD in 2014 at the University of Newcastle. Her research is focused on the landscape archaeology of the ancient city of Baalbek-Heliopolis and its environs from 100 BCE to 400 CE.

'To sum up, the book provides a very useful overview of the history of Roman Berytus including the Bekaa valley, which before could only be gained by extensive reading of the scattered literature. (...) Thus, the book is highly recommended for every scholar interested in the late Hellenistic and Roman Levant." - Winfried Held, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Archäologisches Seminar, in: Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2020.11.35

• AcknowledgementsList of Figures and Tables1 Introduction1.1 The Aims of This Monograph1.2 Objectives1.3 Chronological and Geographical Range1.4 Topography and Geographical Setting1.5 Structure of the Monograph2 Sources, Historiography, Method & Theory2.1 Introduction2.2 Sources and Historiography2.3 Method and Theory2.4 Conclusion3 From Hellenistic Kingdoms to Roman Authority in the Levant3.1 Introduction3.2 The Hellenistic Kingdoms in the Levant3.3 The Ituraeans and the Ituraean Principality4 Pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic Berytus4.1 Introduction4.2 Palaeolithic–Chalcolithic Activity (through 3000 BCE)4.3 Bronze Age (3000 BCE–1200 BCE)4.4 Iron Age (1200 BCE–323 BCE)4.5 Hellenistic (323 BCE–15 BCE)4.6 Conclusion: Pre-Roman Berytus5 Pre-Hellenistic and Hellenistic Baalbek and the Bekaa5.1 Introduction5.2 The Names Baalbek and Heliopolis5.3 Prehistoric and Hellenistic Baalbek5.4 The Prehistoric and Hellenistic Bekaa and Ituraean Territories5.5 Conclusion and Interpretation6 Roman Berytus6.1 Introduction6.2 The Cardo Maximus and Colonnaded Decumani6.3 Public Buildings and Religious Architecture6.4 Domestic Architecture6.5 Commerce6.6 Funerary Practice6.7 Conclusions: The “Reconstruction” of Berytus7 Deir el-Qalaa7.1 Introduction7.2 The Sacred Area at Deir el-Qalaa7.3 The Settlement Area7.4 The Deities and the Inscriptions7.5 Conclusions8 The Sanctuaries of Niha and Hosn Niha8.1 Introduction8.2 Niha8.3 Hosn Niha8.4 Conclusion: Ancient Nihata and Hosn Niha9 The Religious Landscape of Baalbek in the Roman Period9.1 Introduction9.2 Early Roman Baalbek: 15 BCE–Mid-second Century9.3 The Later Roman Empire: From the Mid-second Century to the Fourth Century9.4 Funerary Practice in Baalbek and Douris9.5 Conclusion: A Double Transformation10 Life in the Colonia from Epigraphic, Numismatic, and Iconographic Evidence10.1 Introduction10.2 The Heliopolitan “Triad”10.3 Baalbek-Heliopolis and Imperial Patronage10.4 Euergetism by Private Citizens10.5 Veterans and the Roman Army10.6 Civilians, Public Officials, and Families10.7 Voting Tribes10.8 Conclusions: Life at Baalbek and in the Bekaa11 Landscape and Religious Architecture in the Colonia11.1 Introduction11.2 The Temples of Baalbek in the Landscape11.3 The Temples of Niha in the Landscape11.4 Deir el-Qalaa11.5 Conclusion12 Conclusion12.1 Conclusions on Berytus, Deir el-Qalaa, Niha, and Baalbek-Heliopolis12.2 Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus: A Latin Intrusion in the Near East?Appendix A: Location Tables for Beirut ExcavationsAppendix B: Macrobius I.23.10–26GlossaryBibliographyIndex