International Law and Transition to Peace in Colombia

César Rojas-Orozco, Ph.D. (2020) at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva. He currently works as a legal officer at the Special Jurisdiction for Peace and as a lecturer at different universities in Colombia.

• AcknowledgmentsList of AbbreviationsIntroduction1 Transition to Peace as a Matter of International Law2 A Framework on the Legal Dimension of Transition: Jus Post Bellum3 The Relevance of the Colombian Transition4 Empirical Analysis from the Perspective of niac s5 Purpose of the Study6 Methodological Considerations7 Structure of the Book1 Jus Post Bellum A Normative Framework for the Transition from Armed Conflict to Peace1 Approaches to a Definition1.1 A New Legal Regime1.2 Ordering System of Norms, Practices, and Discourses1.3 Interpretative Framework2 Principles of Jus Post Bellum3 Temporal and Functional Approach to Jus Post Bellum4 The Object of Jus Post Bellum5 Jus Post Bellum and Related Concepts5.1 Transitional Justice5.2 Lex Pacificatoria6 Jus Post Bellum in Non-International Armed Conflicts7 Conclusions2 International Law in the Colombian Transition0 A General Overview of the Colombian Armed Conflict and Its Transition to Peace0.1 Origin and Evolution of the Armed Conflict0.2 Transitional Legal Mechanisms in the Ongoing Conflict0.3 Peace Process and Final Agreement (2012–2016)1 The Legal Status of the Peace Agreement1.1 The Discussion on the Domestic or International Legal Status of Internal Peace Agreements1.2 Formulas of Normative Internationalization of the Colombian Peace Agreement1.2.1 The Peace Agreement as a Special Agreement under ihl1.2.2 The Peace Agreement as a Document of the UN Security Council1.3 Consequences of the Peace Agreement’s International Legal Status2 Socioeconomic and Political Reforms2.1 Legal and Policy Framework on Socioeconomic and Political Reforms for Transition to Peace2.2 Socioeconomic and Political Reforms in the Colombian Peace Agreement3 Criminal Justice3.1 Legal Framework on Amnesties and Criminal Responsibility3.1.1 Amnesties at the End of niac s3.1.2 The Duty to Prosecute International Crimes3.2 Conciliating Peace and Justice in Peace Negotiations3.3 The Colombian Approach: A Negotiated System of Criminal Justice3.3.1 The Precedent of the Justice and Peace Law3.3.2 The Special Jurisdiction for Peace4 Reparations for Victims4.1 Legal Framework on Reparations for Victims of Armed Conflict4.1.1 The Right to Reparation in International Law4.1.2 Reparations for Armed Conflict-related Violations of Human Rights and ihl4.2 Colombian Approach to Reparations4.2.1 Judicial Reparation: Justice and Peace Law4.2.2 Comprehensive Administrative Reparations: Law on Victims and Land Restitution4.2.3 Reparations in the 2016 Peace Agreement5 Inclusive Transitions5.1 Legal Framework on Inclusiveness5.1.1 On Women and Gender Issues5.1.2 On Ethnic Minorities Issues5.1.3 On the Participation of Victims and Civil Society in General5.2 The Colombian Approach5.2.1 Differential Approach for the Attention and Reparation of Victims of Armed Conflict5.2.2 Participation of Victims and Civil Society in the Peace Negotiations5.2.3 Differential Gender and Ethnic Approaches in the Peace Agreement6 Conclusions3 Jus Post Bellum Viewed from the Colombian Transition1 A Definition of Jus Post Bellum from the Colombian Experience2 The Formation and Operation of Jus Post Bellum3 Principles of Jus Post Bellum identified in the Colombian Case3.1 Reconstruction and Transformation3.2 Criminal Accountability3.3 Reparation3.4 Reconciliation3.5 Proportionality3.6 Inclusiveness3.7 Environmental Protection4 The Actors of Jus Post Bellum in Colombia4.1 The Parties in Negotiation4.2 External Guarantors4.3 The Colombian Constitutional Court4.4 The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court4.5 The Inter-American System of Human Rights4.6 Victims and Civil Society Organizations4.7 Insights on the Type and Role of Actors of Jus Post Bellum5 The Functions Played by International Law in the Colombian Transition: Possible Functions of Jus Post Bellum?5.1. Increasing International Legitimacy of Transitional Mechanisms5.2 Offering Legal Certainty to the Peace Agreement5.3 Delimitating a Bargaining Zone for Negotiations5.4 Creating Confidence among the Parties5.5 Empowering Traditional Marginalized Actors5.6 Promoting Comprehensiveness in the Guarantee of Rights5.7 Encouraging the Transformative Role of Transition5.8 Insights for the General Functions of Jus Post Bellum6 ConclusionsGeneral Conclusions1 A Summary of the Study2 The Main Contributions of the Colombian Transition to International Law and to Jus Post Bellum3 Jus Post Bellum from Theory to Practice: Challenges and Opportunities4 The Future of Jus Post BellumBibliographyIndex