Laura Ausserladscheider Jonas completed her Doctorate of Laws in April 2021 at the University of Pretoria. Previously, she completed a Magister Juris at Oxford University. Since 2017, she works as a jurist at the Swiss Department of Justice and Police. She has published in the fields of international criminal law and human rights law and co-authored the book Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and articles Proportionality, Fundamental Rights and the Duties of Directors; From Hate Speech to Incitement to Genocide: The Role of the Media in the Rwandan Genocide and Individual Criminal Responsibility for the Financing of Entities Involved in Core Crimes: Aiding and Abettingpublished in the Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, the Boston University International Law Journal and the Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa respectively.

• ForewordAcknowledgementsList of Figures and Mapspart 1A Theory of International Criminal Law1 Introduction1 Introduction2 Structure of the Research3 Scope of the Research3.1 Individual Criminal Liability3.2 Entities3.3 Core Crimes3.4 Participatory Conduct (Complicity)3.5 Punishable Complicity3.6 Financing3.7 Responsibility, Accountability and Liability4 Rationale for This Research4.1 Legal Uncertainty4.2 All International Courts and Tribunals4.3 End the Cycle of Impunity5 Methodology2 Current State of International Criminal Law1 Introduction2 The Nature of International Criminal Law3 Sources of International Criminal Law3.1 Primary Sources: Treaties and Customary International Law3.2 Supplementary Sources3.3 Other Subsidiary Sources Derived from National Laws4 General Principles of International Criminal Law4.1 Principle of Legality4.2 Principle of Specificity4.3 Principle of Non-Retroactivity4.4 Principle of the Ban on Analogy and Extensive Interpretation4.5 Principle of Favor Rei5 Conclusion3 Actus Reus and Mens Rea in International Criminal Law1 Importance of Defining Actus Reus and Mens Rea2 Actus Reus3 Mens Rea3.1 Mens Rea at the icc3.2 Mens Rea in Customary International Law4 Conclusionpart 2Complicity – Internationally and Nationally4 Culpability in International Criminal Law with Regard to Aiding and Abetting1 Introduction2 Meaning of Aiding and Abetting3 Related Concepts to Aiding and Abetting3.1 Direct Commission3.2 Indirect Commission3.3 Co-Perpetration3.4 jce3.5 Instigation3.6 Ordering3.7 Contributing to a Group Acting with a Common Purpose3.8 Planning3.9 Conspiracy3.10 Incitement3.11 Superior / Command Responsibility3.12 Conclusion4 Definition and Scope of Aiding and Abetting in International Criminal Law4.1 Aiding and Abetting at the icc4.2 Aiding and Abetting in Customary International Law5 Assessment5 Comparative Analysis of Aiding and Abetting in National Jurisdictions1 Introduction2 Africa2.1 Cameroon2.2 Egypt2.3 Malawi2.4 South Africa2.5 Observations3 Asia3.1 China3.2 India3.3 Israel3.4 Malaysia3.5 Turkey3.6 Observations4 Europe4.1 England and Wales4.2 France4.3 Germany4.4 Italy4.5 Russia4.6 Observations5 Latina America5.1 Argentina5.2 Brazil5.3 Mexico5.4 Observations6 North America6.1 Canada6.2 United States of America6.3 Observations7 Oceania7.1 Australia7.2 Observations8 Conclusionpart 3Determination of the Rules6 Application of the Results to International Criminal Law1 Introduction2 Wilful Blindness2.1 General Principles of Law Recognised by the Community of States2.2 General Principles of International Criminal Law3 Dolus Eventualis3.1 General Principles of Law Recognised by the Community of States3.2 General Principles of International Criminal Law4 Wilful Blindness and Dolus Eventualis5 Conclusion7 ConclusionBibliographyIndex

Laura Ausserladscheider Jonas completed her Doctorate of Laws in April 2021 at the University of Pretoria. Previously, she completed a Magister Juris at Oxford University. Since 2017, she works as a jurist at the Swiss Department of Justice and Police. She has published in the fields of international criminal law and human rights law and co-authored the book Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and articles Proportionality, Fundamental Rights and the Duties of Directors; From Hate Speech to Incitement to Genocide: The Role of the Media in the Rwandan Genocide and Individual Criminal Responsibility for the Financing of Entities Involved in Core Crimes: Aiding and Abettingpublished in the Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, the Boston University International Law Journal and the Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa respectively.

• ForewordAcknowledgementsList of Figures and Mapspart 1A Theory of International Criminal Law1 Introduction1 Introduction2 Structure of the Research3 Scope of the Research3.1 Individual Criminal Liability3.2 Entities3.3 Core Crimes3.4 Participatory Conduct (Complicity)3.5 Punishable Complicity3.6 Financing3.7 Responsibility, Accountability and Liability4 Rationale for This Research4.1 Legal Uncertainty4.2 All International Courts and Tribunals4.3 End the Cycle of Impunity5 Methodology2 Current State of International Criminal Law1 Introduction2 The Nature of International Criminal Law3 Sources of International Criminal Law3.1 Primary Sources: Treaties and Customary International Law3.2 Supplementary Sources3.3 Other Subsidiary Sources Derived from National Laws4 General Principles of International Criminal Law4.1 Principle of Legality4.2 Principle of Specificity4.3 Principle of Non-Retroactivity4.4 Principle of the Ban on Analogy and Extensive Interpretation4.5 Principle of Favor Rei5 Conclusion3 Actus Reus and Mens Rea in International Criminal Law1 Importance of Defining Actus Reus and Mens Rea2 Actus Reus3 Mens Rea3.1 Mens Rea at the icc3.2 Mens Rea in Customary International Law4 Conclusionpart 2Complicity – Internationally and Nationally4 Culpability in International Criminal Law with Regard to Aiding and Abetting1 Introduction2 Meaning of Aiding and Abetting3 Related Concepts to Aiding and Abetting3.1 Direct Commission3.2 Indirect Commission3.3 Co-Perpetration3.4 jce3.5 Instigation3.6 Ordering3.7 Contributing to a Group Acting with a Common Purpose3.8 Planning3.9 Conspiracy3.10 Incitement3.11 Superior / Command Responsibility3.12 Conclusion4 Definition and Scope of Aiding and Abetting in International Criminal Law4.1 Aiding and Abetting at the icc4.2 Aiding and Abetting in Customary International Law5 Assessment5 Comparative Analysis of Aiding and Abetting in National Jurisdictions1 Introduction2 Africa2.1 Cameroon2.2 Egypt2.3 Malawi2.4 South Africa2.5 Observations3 Asia3.1 China3.2 India3.3 Israel3.4 Malaysia3.5 Turkey3.6 Observations4 Europe4.1 England and Wales4.2 France4.3 Germany4.4 Italy4.5 Russia4.6 Observations5 Latina America5.1 Argentina5.2 Brazil5.3 Mexico5.4 Observations6 North America6.1 Canada6.2 United States of America6.3 Observations7 Oceania7.1 Australia7.2 Observations8 Conclusionpart 3Determination of the Rules6 Application of the Results to International Criminal Law1 Introduction2 Wilful Blindness2.1 General Principles of Law Recognised by the Community of States2.2 General Principles of International Criminal Law3 Dolus Eventualis3.1 General Principles of Law Recognised by the Community of States3.2 General Principles of International Criminal Law4 Wilful Blindness and Dolus Eventualis5 Conclusion7 ConclusionBibliographyIndex

Laura Ausserladscheider Jonas completed her Doctorate of Laws in April 2021 at the University of Pretoria. Previously, she completed a Magister Juris at Oxford University. Since 2017, she works as a jurist at the Swiss Department of Justice and Police. She has published in the fields of international criminal law and human rights law and co-authored the book Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and articles Proportionality, Fundamental Rights and the Duties of Directors; From Hate Speech to Incitement to Genocide: The Role of the Media in the Rwandan Genocide and Individual Criminal Responsibility for the Financing of Entities Involved in Core Crimes: Aiding and Abettingpublished in the Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, the Boston University International Law Journal and the Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa respectively.

• ForewordAcknowledgementsList of Figures and Mapspart 1A Theory of International Criminal Law1 Introduction1 Introduction2 Structure of the Research3 Scope of the Research3.1 Individual Criminal Liability3.2 Entities3.3 Core Crimes3.4 Participatory Conduct (Complicity)3.5 Punishable Complicity3.6 Financing3.7 Responsibility, Accountability and Liability4 Rationale for This Research4.1 Legal Uncertainty4.2 All International Courts and Tribunals4.3 End the Cycle of Impunity5 Methodology2 Current State of International Criminal Law1 Introduction2 The Nature of International Criminal Law3 Sources of International Criminal Law3.1 Primary Sources: Treaties and Customary International Law3.2 Supplementary Sources3.3 Other Subsidiary Sources Derived from National Laws4 General Principles of International Criminal Law4.1 Principle of Legality4.2 Principle of Specificity4.3 Principle of Non-Retroactivity4.4 Principle of the Ban on Analogy and Extensive Interpretation4.5 Principle of Favor Rei5 Conclusion3 Actus Reus and Mens Rea in International Criminal Law1 Importance of Defining Actus Reus and Mens Rea2 Actus Reus3 Mens Rea3.1 Mens Rea at the icc3.2 Mens Rea in Customary International Law4 Conclusionpart 2Complicity – Internationally and Nationally4 Culpability in International Criminal Law with Regard to Aiding and Abetting1 Introduction2 Meaning of Aiding and Abetting3 Related Concepts to Aiding and Abetting3.1 Direct Commission3.2 Indirect Commission3.3 Co-Perpetration3.4 jce3.5 Instigation3.6 Ordering3.7 Contributing to a Group Acting with a Common Purpose3.8 Planning3.9 Conspiracy3.10 Incitement3.11 Superior / Command Responsibility3.12 Conclusion4 Definition and Scope of Aiding and Abetting in International Criminal Law4.1 Aiding and Abetting at the icc4.2 Aiding and Abetting in Customary International Law5 Assessment5 Comparative Analysis of Aiding and Abetting in National Jurisdictions1 Introduction2 Africa2.1 Cameroon2.2 Egypt2.3 Malawi2.4 South Africa2.5 Observations3 Asia3.1 China3.2 India3.3 Israel3.4 Malaysia3.5 Turkey3.6 Observations4 Europe4.1 England and Wales4.2 France4.3 Germany4.4 Italy4.5 Russia4.6 Observations5 Latina America5.1 Argentina5.2 Brazil5.3 Mexico5.4 Observations6 North America6.1 Canada6.2 United States of America6.3 Observations7 Oceania7.1 Australia7.2 Observations8 Conclusionpart 3Determination of the Rules6 Application of the Results to International Criminal Law1 Introduction2 Wilful Blindness2.1 General Principles of Law Recognised by the Community of States2.2 General Principles of International Criminal Law3 Dolus Eventualis3.1 General Principles of Law Recognised by the Community of States3.2 General Principles of International Criminal Law4 Wilful Blindness and Dolus Eventualis5 Conclusion7 ConclusionBibliographyIndex