Elisabeth Mann Borgese and the Law of the Sea

Tirza Meyer, Ph.D. (2018), the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, is a contemporary historian and writer. She currently works as a postdoctoral researcher at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden.

• ForewordPrefaceAcknowledgmentsList of FiguresIntroductionpart 1Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s Introduction to World and Ocean Governance 1918–671 Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s Introduction to World Governance1 Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s Life in Time-Lapse2 Making Connections – An Intellectual Love with Giuseppe Antonio Borgese3 The Chicago Committee to Frame a World Constitution4 A New World Constitution5 From Secretary to Academic6 Retreat to Italy7 The Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara2 Reordering the Oceans1 How Free Are the Oceans?2 Moving Towards a New Law of the Sea3 Nation States Reach Out for Territory in the Oceans4 Access to Resources Makes Ocean Governance a Pressing Issue Post-War5 Preparing for the First Convention on Ocean Governance6 unclos i – Defining Legal Concepts, 19587 unclos ii – Failing to Fill Out Legal Concepts, 1960part 2Preparing for the Law of the Sea Convention 1967–733 The Maltese Initiative Changes Ocean Governance1 Dipping into the Oceans – A Letter to Santa Barbara2 A Person of Rare Vision?3 Arvid Pardo – From Political Prisoner to Diplomat4 The Maltese Initiative – Did Pardo Really Do It Single-Handedly?5 Arvid Pardo’s Interest in Ocean Governance6 Malta Prepares the Seabed Proposal7 The Seabed Committee Is Born4 Pacem in Maribus – A Think Tank for Ocean Questions1 Can Santa Barbara Become a Think Tank for Ocean Questions?2 Pacem in Maribus – An Ambitious Undertaking3 Reaching Out to the Seabed Committee4 Discussions and Achievements of Pacem in Maribus5 Defining Pressing Ocean Governance Problems5 ‘The Ocean Regime’ and the ‘Draft Ocean Space Treaty’1 A Holistic Treaty – Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s ‘The Ocean Regime’2 An Ocean Regime through Participation3 From Ocean Regime to World Regime?4 Arvid Pardo’s Convictions and Visions for the Future5 The Maltese ‘Draft Ocean Space Treaty’6 Rise and Decline of Headquarters1 Malta’s Struggle for Direction2 Dom Mintoff – A Stumbling Block for Elisabeth Mann Borgese and Arvid Pardo?3 Arvid Pardo’s Demotion from Ambassador to Seabed Delegate4 Big Plans for Malta – Establishing the International Ocean Institute5 Dreaming about the Headquarters of the Ocean Regime on Malta6 Review of Networks and Re-Grouping to Face unclos iiipart 3Negotiating the Law of the Sea 1973–827 unclos iii – Haves against Have-Nots1 The World Order Complicates Ocean Governance Negotiations2 The Structure of the Negotiations – Solving a Giant Jigsaw Puzzle through Consensus3 Navigating Interests – Groups as the Unofficial Structure of unclos iii4 Entering the Conferences – The International Ocean Institute Gains Non-Governmental Organisation Status5 A Piece for the Ocean Puzzle – How to Design an International Machinery to Govern the Ocean Floor?6 Malta’s Failed Attempt to Regain Importance7 Final Fall-Out with Malta over the International Seabed Authority8 A Strong International Machinery for the Seabed Outside National Jurisdiction?1 Non-Governmental Organisations Struggle at the Convention2 Moving over to the Austrian Delegation3 How to Exploit the Seabed?4 Preparing for the Sixth Session in 19775 Reviving a Corpse? – Attempts to Reintroduce Rejected Concepts6 Secret Changes to the Draft Treaty in Favour of the Developing Countries7 New Strategies and Alliances for Landlocked and Geographically Disadvantaged States8 Austria Loses Faith – An Era of Instability9 To Rescue What Is Left to Rescue1 A New Headquarters in Halifax2 Austria’s Report on Jens Evensen’s Intersessional Meeting – Visions Falling Apart3 Losing the President of the Law of the Sea Convention Causes a Crisis4 United States Retreat Stalls the Negotiations5 Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s appeal to act without the United States6 Why the Rush to Finalise the Convention in 1980?7 Moving on in Halifax – The Second International Ocean Institute8 Shedding Crocodile Tears? A Law of the Sea without the United Statespart 4Can the Common Heritage of Mankind Be Rescued? 1982–9410 1994 Agreement and the Boat Paper Crisis1 The Life of the Convention after 19822 The Boat Paper – A Betrayal of the Task?3 The Law of the Sea Kidnapped by Villains in 1994Conclusion1 Elisabeth Mann Borgese as the ‘realist of tomorrow’2 The origins of Mann Borgese’s Internationalist Ideals3 Arvid Pardo and a Meeting of Ideals4 The Time Was Ripe – Political and Technological Development in the Mid-Twentieth Century5 Common Heritage or Common Property6 The Idea in Action though Institution-Building7 Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s Legacy8 Epilogue – The Future of Ocean Governance – What Is Next?Archival MaterialBibliographyIndex