Internationell rätt: transport och handel

Cargo claims are the most frequent form of third-party liability incurred by carriers by sea and their P&I insurers. They are the bread-and-butter work of ship operators and P&I clubs, with each club handling thousands of cargo claims every year. This new book examines every aspect of cargo claims from a legal and practical perspective and complements other legal textbooks which specialise in bills of lading or charterparties. Following the life of a typical cargo claim, the book analyses the basis upon which carriers face liability for cargo loss and damage; the law on delay and deviation; cargo interests’ responsibilities for the cargo they ship; defences to cargo claims; the role of cargo insurers and subrogation; P&I cover for cargo claims; and the recovery options available to a carrier facing a cargo liability. Cargo Claims also includes a detailed clause-by-clause commentary on the InterClub Agreement.Written for practitioners and those working on cargo claims day-to-day, the book will be invaluable for ship operators, shipping law firms, barristers’ chambers, cargo recovery agencies and P&I insurers. Readers will gain a comprehensive guide to the handling of cargo claims by way of a detailed analysis of the underlying legal principles and through practical guidance.

This book provides an in-depth analysis of the jurisdiction in cross-border corporate insolvency proceedings within EU member states, investigating the rationale, structure and functioning of the grounds to initiate and supervise the proceedings according to the European Insolvency Regulation (Recast). It explores personal, territorial, and substantive scopes of the insolvency courts’ jurisdiction, as well as its interplay with the jurisdiction of other courts and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms.The author discusses national, EU and international case law and legislation, utilising practical and theoretical approaches. Chapters engage with liquidation and restructuring by adopting a combined perspective on European private international law and insolvency law.Key Features:Deep analysis of jurisdictional principles in cross-border insolvencyCombined perspective on private international law and insolvency lawSolutions to cases where insolvency proceedings run parallel with civil and commercial proceedingsFocus on asset tracing and recoveryDiscussing on the interplay between cross-border insolvency proceedings and ADRJurisdiction in EU Cross-Border Insolvency Law is an essential reading for lawyers, judges and insolvency practitioners. Its unique insights will also be greatly beneficial to students, academics and practitioners in private international law, arbitration, and European Union law.

Sjötrafikföreskrifter m.m. 2024 innehåller de Internationella sjövägsreglerna (COLREG), svenska föreskrifter om sjövägsregler och andra relevanta författningar med kommentarer om bl.a. hur dessa regler tolkas av domstolarna. Dessutom återges information om utmärkning och sjövägmärken m.m. Syftet med boken är att tillhandahålla aktuella lydelser av föreskrifter som är av grundläggande betydelse för trafik med både skepp och båtar, såväl i kommersiell trafik som i nöjesfart. Publikationens första sjutton upplagor utgavs av Sjöfartsverket innan Jure förlag övertog utgivningen 2010. Denna, den tjugotredje upplagan, är uppdaterad t.o.m. 1 januari 2024. Kommentarerna har skrivits av professor Hugo Tiberg och advokat Mattias Widlund.

Att offentliggöra yttranden som inte går över lagens gränser och som håller sig inom det etiskt försvarbara kräver kunskap och omdöme. Att publicera beskriver ingående de juridiska och etiska frågor och överväganden som uppstår vid insamling av uppgifter och publicering i massmedier som omfattas av tryckfrihetsförordningen (TF) och yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen (YGL). Boken redogör för de grundläggande fri- och rättigheterna, upphovsrättsliga frågor, offentlighetsprincipen och meddelarfriheten samt frågor om ansvar och etik. Att publicera är en saklig och lättillgänglig beskrivning av ett komplicerat regelverk och dess historiska rötter. Boken vänder sig främst till utgivare, journalister och journaliststudenter men utgör också en kunskapskälla för andra som är intresserade och vill utöva sina medborgerliga rättigheter.Denna tredje upplaga är uppdaterad och utökad. Lagändringar som började gälla 1 januari 2023 har tagits med. Rättsliga utslag och medieetiska prövningar till och med 1 februari 2023 har beaktats. Den nya upplagan har också försetts med en omfattande checklista vad gäller meddelarfriheten och en heltäckande beskrivning, steg för steg, av den medieetiska prövningen.

Praktisk sjörätt syftar till att ge en övergripande redogörelse för sjörätten som ämne. I denna fjärde reviderade upplaga har boken uppdaterats i enlighet med rättsutvecklingen på området. Dessutom innehåller boken ett antal inom branschen vanligt förekommande standardavtal och standardvillkor såsom Shipman 2009, Conlinebooking 2016, Congenbill 2016, Genwaybill 2016, Gencon 1994, Laytime Definitions for Charter Parties 2013, Gentime 1999, Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement 2013, York Antwerpreglerna 1994 och Allmänna svenska kaskoförsäkringsvillkor 2000. Boken vänder sig främst till praktiskt verksamma inom sjöfarten, studenter vid högre sjöfartsutbildningar samt till jurister som önskar en introduktion i ämnet. Innehåll: 1. Inledning 2. Farvatten 3. Fartyget 4. Allmänt om sjösäkerhet 5. Fartygssäkerhet 6. Sjöfartsskydd 7. Miljöskydd 8. Sjöarbetsrätt 9. Befälhavaren 10. Redare och rederi 11. Redaransvar och ansvarsbegränsning 12. Kollisioner 13. Bärgning och sjöräddning 14. Gemensamt haveri 15. Allmänt om sjötransportavtal 16. Avtal om styckegodstransport 17. Befraktningsavtal 18. Lastskadeansvar 19. Passagerartransporter 20. Sjöförsäkring Sakordsregister Bilagor

Principles of International Criminal Law is one of the most influential textbooks in the field of international criminal justice. This fourth edition builds on the highly-successful work of the previous editions, setting out the general principles governing international crimes as well as the fundamentals of both substantive and procedural international criminal law. It provides a detailed understanding of the sources and evolution of international criminal law, demonstrating how it has developed, and how its application has changed. The book assesses in detail the four key international crimes as defined by the statute of the International Criminal Court: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. The new edition revises and updates the work with developments in international criminal justice since 2014. It includes substantial new material on critical perspectives on international criminal justice, the fragmentation of international criminal law, new war crimes of prohibited means of warfare, and the prosecution of crimes committed in Syria and Northern Iraq.The book retains its highly-acclaimed systematic approach and consistent methodology, making it essential reading for both students and scholars of international criminal law, as well as practitioners and judges working in the field.

'An indelible and enthralling work of moral witness' PATRICK RADDEN KEEFE 'These questions of memory and impunity are forever timely' FINANCIAL TIMES'An extraordinary achievement . . . I read with open mouth and thumping heart' STEPHEN FRYThe house at 38 Londres Street in Santiago, Chile, is home to the legacies of two men whose personal stories span continents, nationalities and decades of atrocity: Augusto Pinochet, President of Chile, and Walther Rauff, a Nazi SS officer responsible for the use of gas vans. In 38 Londres Street, Philippe Sands blends personal memoir, historical detective work and gripping courtroom drama to probe a secret double story of mass murder, one that reveals a shocking link between the horrors of the 1940s with those of our own times. In so doing, he reveals an untold and astonishing tale of the legacy of unchecked criminality and the road to impunity.'Combines the tone of the thriller with an astute and dramatic account of a most complex and fascinating legal case. A brilliant and important book' COLM TOIBIN

De avtalskonstruktioner och kutymer som i dag tillämpas inom den internationella sjöfarten har vuxit fram under århundraden – vissa begrepp och regler under årtusenden. Även om jurister har påverkat avtals och lagars utformning så är branschens regler utvecklade av sjöfartsverksamma personer iland och till sjöss. Ambitionen med boken är att informera om frågor som hanteras då kommersiella sjöfartsrelaterade avtal förhandlas, formuleras och tillämpas. Boken vänder sig både till sjöfartspraktiker, ombord och iland, och till ekonomer, jurister och andra som tillfälligt eller långvarigt kommer i kontakt med sjöfarten och som behöver ytterligare information i enskilda frågor och tips om hur de avtal som behövs kan utformas. Utöver genomgång av aktörer och dokumenttyper behandlas grundläggande och särskilda befraktningsformer, relationer mellan köpavtal och sjötransportavtal samt hantering av risker och problem. Bland annat kommenteras de inte helt lättillgängliga reglerna om redaransvaret vid gods- och passagerartransporter, de nya reglerna Incoterms 2020 och det ökande intresset för hållbarhet inom sjöfart och handel. Några avsnitt – Liggetidberäkningar och Ansvarshantering för sjötransporterat gods och passagerare – är förmodligen de enda svenskspråkiga praktiskt inriktade anvisningarna för dessa vanligen förekommande arbetsområden. Avsnittet med översikt av marina besiktningar är också unikt. Rolf Ihre har sjökaptensutbildning men har under större delen av sin yrkesverksamma tid arbetat som sjörättsjurist inom Salénkoncernen och som advokat med huvudinriktning på frågor som har samband med sjöfart och handel.

This book explores the large and controversial subject of the use of force in international law. It examines not only the use of force by states but also the role of the UN in peacekeeping and enforcement action, and the increasing role of regional organizations in the maintenance of international peace and security.The UN Charter framework is under challenge. Russia's invasion of Georgia and intervention in Ukraine, the USA's military operations in Syria, and Saudi Arabia's campaign to restore the government of Yemen by force all raise questions about the law on intervention. The 'war on terror' that began after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the USA has not been won. It has spread far beyond Afghanistan: it has led to targeted killings in Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen, and to intervention against ISIS in Iraq and Syria. Is there an expanding right of self-defence against non-state actors? Is the use of force effective? The development of nuclear weapons by North Korea has reignited discussion about the legality of pre-emptive self-defence. The NATO-led operation in Libya increased hopes for the implementation of 'responsibility to protect', but it also provoked criticism for exceeding the Security Council's authorization of force because its outcome was regime change. UN peacekeeping faces new challenges, especially with regard to the protection of civilians, and UN forces have been given revolutionary mandates in several African states. But the 2015 report Uniting Our Strengths reaffirmed that UN peacekeeping is not suited to counter-terrorism or enforcement operations; the UN should turn to regional organizations such as the African Union as first responders in situations of ongoing armed conflict.

This thoroughly revised and updated Second Edition of Patent Portfolio Management provides companies with an essential guide to improving the management of their patents. It empowers IP and patent departments to extract the most value from their patent portfolio to maximise business potential.Key Features:*NEW* AI Insights*NEW* Automation Highlights*NEW* Data-driven tendering of patent agents*NEW* Decision-making flowchart for opting-in/out of the Unitary Patent and Unified Patent Court*EXPANDED* Patent strategy positions*EXPANDED* Checklists and points awarded in reviews of patent agents*EXPANDED* Inventor review questionnaires*EXPANDED* Patent scorecardSetting out time-tested best practices alongside ground-breaking methods applicable to all industries, this Practical Guide is an essential resource for those leading IP and patent departments, as well as patent attorneys and IP and law firms providing client advice.

In 38 Londres Street, Philippe Sands blends personal memoir, historical detective work and gripping courtroom drama to probe a secret double story of mass murder, one that reveals a shocking thread that links the horrors of the 1940s with those of our own times. The house at 38 Londres Street is home to the legacies of two men whose personal stories span continents, nationalities and decades of atrocity: Augusto Pinochet, President of Chile, and Walther Rauff, a Nazi SS officer responsible for the use of gas vans.On the run from justice at the end of the Second World War, Rauff crosses the ocean to southern Chile. He settles in Punta Arenas, Patagonia, managing a king crab cannery at the end of the world. But there are whispers about this discreet and self-possessed German - rumours of a second career with Pinochet's secret intelligence service, the dreaded DINA.In 1998, Pinochet is in a London medical clinic when the police enter his room and arrest him on charges of crimes against humanity and genocide. Philippe Sands is called to advise the former head of state on his claim to immunity, but will instead represent a human rights organisation against him. Years later, Sands makes a discovery while working on another book which reignites his interest in the case and leads to a decades-long investigation into Pinochet's crimes, his unexpected connection to Rauff and the former Nazi's possible connection to Chile's disappeared.

“A masterly work of military and judicial history.” —New York Times. Telford Taylor’s book is a defining piece of World War II literature, an engrossing and reflective eyewitness account of one of the most significant events of our century.In 1945, the Allied nations agreed on a judicial process, rather than summary execution, to determine the fate of the Nazis following the end of World War II. Held in Nuremberg, the ceremonial birthplace of the Nazi Party, the British, American, French, and Soviet leaders contributed both judges and prosecutors to the series of trials that would prosecute some of the most prominent politicians, military leaders and businessmen in Nazi Germany.This is the definitive history of the Nuremberg crimes trials by one of the key participants, Telford Taylor, the distinguished lawyer who was a member of the American prosecution staff and eventually became chief counsel. In vivid detail, Taylor portrays the unfolding events as he “saw, heard, and otherwise sensed them at the time, and not as a detached historian working from the documents might picture them.” Table of Contents:1 Nuremberg and the Laws of War 2 The Nuremberg Ideas 3 Justice Jackson Takes Over 4 Establishing the Court: The London Charter 5 The Defendants and the Charges: Krupp and the German General Staff 6 Berlin to Nuremberg 7 Nuremberg: Pretrial Pains and Problems 8 On Trial 9 The Nuremberg War Crimes Community 10 The SS and the General Staff—High Command 11 Individual Defendants, Future Trials, and Criminal Organizations 12 The French and Soviet Prosecutions 13 The Defendants: Goering and Hess 14 The Defendants: “Murderers’ Row” 15 The Defendants: Bankers and Admirals 16 The Defendants: The Last Nine 17 The Closing Arguments 18 The Indicted Organizations 19 The Defendants’ Last Words 20 The Judgments of Solomons 21 Judgment: Law, Crime, and Punishment Taylor describes personal vendettas among the Allied representatives and the negotiations that preceded the handing down of sentences. The revelations have not lost their power over the decades: The chamber is reduced to silence when an SS officer recounts impassively that his troops rounded up and killed 90,000 Jews, and panic overcomes the head of the German State Bank as it becomes clear that he knew his institution was receiving jewels and other valuables taken from the bodies of concentration camp inmates.

Under de senaste åren har den internationella privat- och processrätten genomgått en dramatisk utveckling, i första hand med anledning av att den blivit en central och integrerad del av EU-samarbetet. Stora delar av ämnets centrala regelverk utgörs idag av direkt tillämpliga EU-förordningar och svenska regler avsedda att implementera olika EU-direktiv. Även de autonoma svenska reglerna har ändrats på åtskilliga punkter. Denna författningssamling, som i första hand är avsedd att utgöra ett hjälpmedel inom den akademiska juridikutbildningen, innehåller de viktigaste i Sverige den 1 juli 2022 gällande internationellt privat- och processrättsliga bestämmelserna samt vissa nya regler vilka ännu inte börjat tillämpas.

Professor Michael Bogdan och docent Patrik Lindskoug är båda verksamma vid Juridiska fakulteten i Lund.

Gunnar Lagergren (19122008) var en av världens främsta internationella skiljedomare. Han medverkade framgångsrikt med att lösa en rad politiska och ekonomiska tvister, exempelvis mellan Egypten och Israel, mellan Indien och Pakistan samt mellan Iran och USA. Därtill hade Lagergren flera andra internationella domaruppdrag, bland annat i Europadomstolen för mänskliga rättigheter i Strasbourg och i den internationella domstolen i Tanger. Han var även hovrättspresident i Göteborg och riksmarskalk vid hovet. I denna biografi skildras Gunnar Lagergrens liv och gärning. Boken ger en bred bild av hur man genom den internationella rätten kan främja fred, mänskliga rättigheter och internationell handel. Anders Johnson är författare med inriktning på politisk och ekonomisk historia.

Europakonventionen kom till som en besvärjelse – krigsårens brott mot mänskligheten skulle inte få upprepas. Det första målet gällde Cypern, då brittisk koloni. Där uppdagades vad som användes för att upprätthålla den koloniala ordningen, såsom piskning, kollektiv vedergällning, olagliga arresteringar och dödsstraff. Målet förliktes när Storbritannien erkände Cyperns självständighet. Sedan dess har rättighetsskyddet utvecklats till ett finmaskigt nät. En anmälan mot Storbritannien under senare år gällde störningar som de boende i närheten av en flygplats upplevde. Utan att förringa deras obehag är det av annat slag än det britterna anklagades för som kolonialmakt. Gör Europadomstolen i Strasbourg rätt saker? Har den rätt att göra det den gör? I det mål som Hans-Gunnar Axberger utgår från har domstolen lagt stor möda på att skapa en rättighet som inte ingår i konventionen. Han granskar domen i syfte att diskutera hur Europadomstolen idag arbetar och frågar sig om skyddet för våra grundläggande rättigheter fungerar som det bör. Hans-Gunnar Axberger är professor i konstitutionell rätt och tidigare justitieombudsman.

Published to coincide the with 50th anniversary of the Israel occupation of the West Bank, an anthology that explores the human cost of the conflict there as witnessed by such notable writers as Colum McCann, Colm Toibin, Dave Eggers, Madeleine Thien, Eimear McBride, Taiye Selasi and editors Michael Chabon and Ayelet Waldman.June 2017 marks the 50th anniversary of the Israel occupation of the West Bank. The violence on both sides of the conflict has been horrific, the casualties catastrophic. Michael Chabon and Ayelet Waldman, two of today's most renowned novelists and essayists, have joined forces with the Israeli NGO Breaking the Silence—an organization comprised of former Israeli soldiers who served in the occupied territories and saw firsthand the injustice there—and a host of illustrious writers to tell the stories of the people on the ground in the contested territories.KINGDOM OF OLIVES AND ASH includes contributions from some of our most esteemed storytellers, including essays from editors Chabon and Waldman. Their writing enables readers to understand the human narratives behind the litany of grim destruction broadcasted nightly on the news. Together they all stand witness to the human cost of the occupation.

Airworthiness: An Introduction to Aircraft Certification and Operations, Third Edition, once again proves to be a valuable, user-friendly reference guide for certification engineers engaged in professional training and practical work in regulatory agencies and aircraft engineering companies. The discussions reflect the recent changes in the EASA-FAA regulations and also include the concepts of flight safety and airworthiness; the ICAO and civil aviation authorities; airworthiness requirements; type certifications and the type-certification process; production of products, parts, and appliances; certifications of airworthiness; and rules for spaceworthiness.

Since publication of the second edition, airworthiness regulation and certification around the world have gone through significant changes. For example, EASA structure has completely changed, FAA rules are no longer applicable, substantial changes have been made in the international airworthiness regulations and certification procedures, and unmanned aircraft have evolved technically and operationally. The changes in airworthiness regulations in the last five years have been striking, changing the way in which we look at airworthiness and certification processes around the world.

Includes updates throughout to reflect changes to the airworthiness regulations of the two most influential ruling authorities-EASA and FAA Includes an update on remotely piloted air systems as well as space vehicles Provides guidelines to shape a comprehensive 'certification map' including comparisons, explanations, and backgrounds of institutions and processes Features a new chapter "Certificates of Airworthiness and Permits to Fly" that provides an overall description of the requirements governing the certificates of airworthiness

Maritime Security: An Introduction, Second Edition, provides practical, experience-based, and proven knowledge - and a "how-to-guide" - on maritime security. McNicholas explains in clear language how commercial seaports and vessels function; what threats currently exist; what security policies, procedures, systems, and measures must be implemented to mitigate these threats; and how to conduct ship and port security assessments and plans. Whether the problem is weapons of mass destruction or cargo theft, Maritime Security provides invaluable guidance for the professionals who protect our shipping and ports.

New chapters focus on whole government maritime security, UN legal conventions and frameworks, transnational crime, and migration. Updates throughout will provide the latest information in increasingly important field.

Provides an excellent introduction to issues facing this critical transportation channel Three all-new chapters, and updated throughout to reflect changes in maritime security Increased coverage of migration issues and transnational crime New contributors bring legal security and cybersecurity issues to the fore

The Global Community Yearbook is a one-stop resource for all researchers studying international law generally or international tribunals specifically. The Yearbook has established itself as an authoritative source of reference on global legal issues and international jurisprudence. It includes analysis of the most significant global trends in a way that allows readers to monitor the development of the global legal order from several perspectives. The Global Community Yearbook publishes annually in a volume of carefully chosen primary source material and corresponding expert commentary. The general editor, Professor Giuliana Ziccardi Capaldo, employs her vast expertise in international law to select excerpts from important court opinions and to choose experts from around the world to contribute essay-guides, which illuminate those cases. Although the main focus is recent case law from the major international tribunals and regional courts, the first four parts of each year's edition features expert articles by renowned scholars who address broader themes in current and future developments in international law and global policy, themes that appear throughout the case law of the many courts covered by the series as a whole. The Global Community Yearbook has thus become not just an indispensable window to recent jurisprudence: the series now also serves to prepare researchers for the issues facing emerging global law. The 2018 edition both updates readers on the important work of long-standing international tribunals and introduces readers to more novel topics in international law. The Yearbook continues to provide expert coverage of the Court of Justice of the European Union and diverse tribunals from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to criminal tribunals such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, to economically based tribunals such as ICSID and the WTO Dispute Resolution panel. This edition contains original research articles on the development and analysis of the concept of global law and the views of the global law theorists such as: whether the Paris Declaration of 2017 and the Oslo Recommendation of 2018 deals with enhancing their institutions' legitimacy; how to reconcile human rights, trade law, intellectual property, investment and health law with the WTO dispute settlement panel upholding Australia's tobacco plain packaging measure; Israel's acceptance of Palestinian statehood contingent upon prior Palestinian "demilitarization" is potentially contrary to pertinent international law; and a proposal to strengthen cooperation between the ECJ and National Courts in light of the failure of the dialogue between the ECJ and the Italian Constitutional Court on the interpretation of Article 325 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European union. The Yearbook provides students, scholars, and practitioners alike a valuable combination of expert discussion and direct quotes from the court opinions to which that discussion relates, as well as an annual overview of the process of cross-fertilization between international courts and tribunals. The Yearbook provides students, scholars, and practitioners alike a valuable combination of expert discussion and direct quotes from the court opinions to which that discussion relates, as well as an annual overview of the process of cross-fertilization between international courts and tribunals and a section focusing on the thought of leading international law scholars on the subject of the globalization.This publication can also be purchased on a standing order basis.

An internationally-renowned scholar in the fields of international and transitional justice, Diane Orentlicher provides an unparalleled account of an international tribunal's impact in societies that have the greatest stake in its work. In Some Kind of Justice: The ICTY's Impact in Bosnia and Serbia, Orentlicher explores the evolving domestic impact of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), which operated longer than any other international war crimes court. Drawing on hundreds of research interviews and a rich body of inter-disciplinary scholarship, Orentlicher provides a path-breaking account of how the Tribunal influenced domestic political developments, victims' experience of justice, acknowledgement of wartime atrocities, and domestic war crimes prosecutions, as well as the dynamic factors behind its evolving influence in each of these spheres. Highlighting the perspectives of Bosnians and Serbians, Some Kind of Justice offers important and practical lessons about how international criminal courts can improve the delivery of justice.

Arbitrating Empire offers a new history of the emergence of the United States as a global power-one shaped as much by attempts to insulate the US government from international legal scrutiny as it was by efforts to project influence across the globe. Drawing on extensive archival research in the United States, Mexico, Panama, and the United Kingdom, the book traces how thousands of dispossessed residents of US-annexed territories petitioned international Claims Commissions between the 1870s and the 1930s to charge the United States with violating international legal protections for life and property.Through attention to the consequences of their unexpected claims, Allison Powers demonstrates how colonized subjects, refugees from slavery, and migrant workers transformed a series of tribunals designed to establish the legality of US imperial interventions into sites through which to challenge the legitimacy of US colonial governance. One of the first social histories of international law, the book argues that contests over meanings of sovereignty and state responsibility that would reshape the mid-twentieth-century international order were waged not only at diplomatic conferences, but also in Arizona copper mines, Texas cotton fields, Samoan port cities, Cuban sugar plantations, and the locks and stops of the Panama Canal.Arbitrating Empire uncovers how ordinary people used international law to hold the United States accountable for state-sanctioned violence during the decades when the nation was first becoming a global empire-and demonstrates why State Department attempts to erase their claims transformed international law in ways that continue to shield the US government from liability to this day.

A vibrant exploration of past and present controversies surrounding control of the world's oceans.In 1609, the Dutch lawyer Hugo Grotius rejected the idea that even powerful rulers could own the oceans. "A ship sailing through the sea," he wrote, "leaves behind it no more legal right than it does a track." A philosophical and legal battle ensued, but Grotius's view ultimately prevailed. To this day, "freedom of the seas" remains an important legal principle and a powerful rhetorical tool. Yet in recent decades, freedom of the seas has eroded in multiple ways and for a variety of reasons. During the world wars of the 20th century, combatants imposed unprecedented restrictions on maritime commerce, leaving international rules in tatters. National governments have steadily expanded their reach into the oceans. More recently, environmental concerns have led to new international restrictions on high seas fishing. Today's most dangerous maritime disputes-including China's push for control of the South China Sea-are occurring against the backdrop of major changes in the way the world treats the oceans. As David Bosco shows in The Poseidon Project, the history of humanity's attempt to create rules for the oceans is alive and relevant. Tracing the roots of the law of the sea and the background to current maritime disputes, he shows that building effective ocean rules while preserving maritime freedoms remains a daunting task. Bosco analyzes how fragile international institutions and determined activists are struggling for relevance in a world still dominated by national governments. As maritime tensions develop, The Poseidon Project will serve as an essential guide to the continuing challenge of ocean governance.

International investment law today consists of a network of multifaceted, multilayered international treaties that, in one way or another, involve virtually every country of the world. The evolution of this network raises a host of issues regarding international investment law and policy, especially in the area of international investment disputes. The Yearbook on International Investment Law & Policy 2013-2014 monitors current developments in international investment law and policy, focusing on recent trends and issues in foreign direct investment (FDI). With contributions by leading experts in the field, this title provides timely, authoritative information on FDI that can be used by a wide audience, including practitioners, academics, researchers, and policy makers.The 2013-2014 Yearbook begins with trends in international investment and the activities of multinational enterprises, a review of trends and new approaches in international investment agreements for 2013-2014, and a review of international investment law and arbitration for 2013. This edition contains a sample of the research and ideas generated by the Investment Treaty Forum at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law--The Investment Treaty Forum brings together experts in international investment law to engage in high-level debate about salient topics in investment law. This edition covers many important topics, such as the principle of proportionality and the problem of indeterminacy in international investment treaties; proportionality, reasonableness and standards of review in investment treaty arbitration; and the role of investors' legitimate expectations in defense of investment treaty claims. The general articles included in this volume provide analysis of balancing investor protection and regulatory freedom in international investment law. The jurisprudential interaction between ICSID tribunals and the International Court of Justice are also discussed, along with inconsistencies in investor-state awards, the role of state interpretations; old and new ways for host states to defend against investment arbitrations, and approaches and analogies in the countermeasures defense in investor-state disputes. This volume explores the political economy of crises and the international law of necessity after the great recession. In addition to this are articles on minilateral treaty-making and bilateral investment treaties; investment promotion, agencies; the trend toward open contracting; and new regulations on foreign acquisitions of land in Brazil and Argentina. This volume concludes with the winning memorials from the 2013 FDI International Moot Competition.

In a world that is increasingly unstable, intelligence services like the American CIA and the United Kingdom's MI6 exist to deliver security. Whether the challenge involves terrorism, cyber-security, or the renewed specter of great power conflict, intelligence agencies mitigate threats and provide decisional advantage to national leaders. But empowered intelligence services require adequate supervision and oversight, which must be about more than the narrow (if still precarious) task of ensuring the legality of covert operations and surveillance activities. Global Intelligence Oversight is a comparative investigation of how democratic countries can govern their intelligence services so that they are effective, but operate within frameworks that are acceptable to their people in an interconnected world. The book demonstrates how the institutions that oversee intelligence agencies participate in the protection of national security while safeguarding civil liberties, balancing among competing national interests, and building public trust in inherently secret activities. It does so by analyzing the role of courts and independent oversight bodies as they operate in countries with robust constitutional frameworks and powerful intelligence services. The book also illuminates a new transnational oversight dynamic that is shaping and constraining security services in new ways. It describes how global technology companies and litigation in transnational forums constitute a new form of oversight whose contours are still undefined. As rapid changes in technology bring the world closer together, these forces will complement their more traditional counterparts in ensuring that intelligence activities remain effective, legitimate, and sustainable.

Choice of Law provides an in-depth sophisticated coverage of the choice-of-law part of Conflicts Law (or Private International Law) in torts, products liability, contracts, forum-selection and arbitration clauses, insurance, statutes of limitation, domestic relations, property, marital property, and successions. It also covers the constitutional framework and conflicts between federal law and foreign law.In this book, Symeon C. Symeonides focuses entirely on Choice of Law pertaining to the question of whether the merits of the dispute will be resolved under the substantive law of the state of adjudication (lex fori), or under the law of another involved state. Structured in three parts, this book discusses the Federal framework, history, doctrine, methodology, and the practice of choice of law. The author begins with the history of choice-of-law doctrine and follows its subsequent evolution to the present. He then moves on to methodology, and extensively explores the case law of the last fifty years, covering what courts say, and especially what they do. Symeonides goes on to identify emerging decisional patterns and extracts descriptive rules or tentative predictions about likely outcomes.

This book focuses on the subject of choice of law as a whole and provides an analysis of its various rules, principles, doctrines and concepts. It offers a conceptual account of choice of law, called "choice equality foundation" (CEF), which aims to flesh out the normative basis of the subject. The author reveals that, despite the multiplicity of titles and labels within the myriad choice of law rules and practices of the U.S., Canadian, European, Australian, and other systems, many of them effectively confirm and crystallize CEFâs vision of the subject. This alignment signifies the necessarily intimate relationship between theory and practice by which the normative underpinnings of CEF are deeply embedded and reflected in actual practical reality. Among other things, this book provides a justification of the nature and limits of such popular principles as party autonomy, most significant relationship, and closest connection. It also discusses such topics as the actual operation of public policy doctrine in domestic courts, and the relation between the notion of international human rights and international commercial dealings, and makes some suggestions about the ability of traditional rules to cope with the advancing challenges of the digital age and the Internet.

Challenging the conventional narrative that the European Union suffers from a "democratic deficit," Athanasios Psygkas argues that EU mandates have enhanced the democratic accountability of national regulatory agencies. This is because EU law has created entry points for stakeholder participation in the operation of national regulators; these avenues for public participation were formerly either not open or not institutionalized to this degree.By focusing on how the EU formally adopted procedural mandates to advance the substantive goal of creating an internal market in electronic communications, Psygkas demonstrates that EU requirements have had significant implications for the nature of administrative governance in the member states. Drawing on theoretical arguments in favor of decentralization traditionally applied to substantive policy-making, this book provides insight into regulatory processes to show how the decentralized EU structure may transform national regulatory authorities into individual loci of experimentation that might in turn develop innovative results. It thus contributes to debates about federalism, governance and public policy, as well as about deliberative and participatory democracy in the United States and Europe.This book informs current understandings of regulatory agency operations and institutional design by drawing on an original dataset of public consultations and interviews with agency officials, industry and consumer group representatives in Paris, Athens, Brussels, and London. The on-the-ground original research provides a strong foundation for the directions the case law could take and small- and larger-scale institutional reforms that balance the goals of democracy, accountability, and efficiency.

This book explores the rise of private arbitration in religious and other values-oriented communities, and it argues that secular societies should use secular legal frameworks to facilitate, enforce, and also regulate religious arbitration. It covers the history of religious arbitration; the kinds of faith-based dispute resolution models currently in use; how the law should perceive them; and what the role of religious arbitration in the United States and the western world should be. Part One examines why religious individuals and communities are increasingly turning to private faith-based dispute resolution to arbitrate their litigious disputes. It focuses on why religious communities feel disenfranchised from secular law, and particularly secular family law. Part Two looks at why American law is so comfortable with faith-based arbitration, given its penchant for enabling parties to order their relationships and resolve their disputes using norms and values that are often different from and sometimes opposed to secular standards. Part Three weighs the proper procedural, jurisdictional, and contractual limits of arbitration generally, and of religious arbitration particularly. It identifies and explains the reasonable limitations on religious arbitration. Part Four examines whether secular societies should facilitate effective, legally enforceable religious dispute resolution, and it argues that religious arbitration is not only good for the religious community itself, but that having many different avenues for faith-based arbitration which are properly limited is good for any vibrant pluralistic democracy inhabited by diverse faith groups.

Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice defines "international law" to include not only "custom" and "convention" between States but also "the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations" within their municipal legal systems. In 1953, Bin Cheng wrote his seminal book on general principles, identifying core legal principles common to various domestic legal systems across the globe. This monograph summarizes and analyzes the general principles of law and norms of international due process, with a particular focus on developments since Cheng's writing. The aim is to collect and distill these principles and norms in a single volume as a practical resource for international law jurists, advocates, and scholars. The information contained in this book holds considerable importance given the growth of inter-state intercourse resulting in the increased use of general principles over the past 60 years.General principles can serve as rules of decision, whether in interpreting a treaty or contract, determining causation, or ascertaining unjust enrichment. They also include a core set of procedural requirements that should be followed in any adjudicative system, such as the right to impartiality and the prohibition on fraud. Although the general principles are, by definition, basic and even rudimentary, they hold vital importance for the rule of law in international relations. They are meant not to define a rule of law, but rather the rule of law.