Peter Adamson, Ph.D. (2000), University of Notre Dame, is Professor of Late Ancient and Arabic Philosophy at the LMU Munich. He has published monographs on the philosophers al-Kindī and al-Rāzī and edited many books, including Interpreting Avicenna: Critical Essays (Cambridge University Press, 2013).Fedor Benevich, Ph.D. (2016), LMU Munich, is Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. He is the author of Essentialität und Notwendigkeit: Avicenna und die Aristotelische Tradition (Brill 2018) as well as of multiple articles and chapters on Avicenna, post-Avicennan Islamic philosophy, and kalām.

• AcknowledgementsIntroduction1 Method2 Historical Overview3 Prehistory4 Formation5 Culmination6 Refinement7 Others8 Online Text Resource1 The Subject Matter of Metaphysics and Kalam2 The Essence-Existence Distinction3 Univocity and Equivocity of Existence4 Non-Existence and Mental Existence5 Universals6 Platonic Forms7 Individuation8 Proofs for God’s Existence9 God’s Essence10 God’s Knowledge11 God’s Knowledge of Particulars12 Free Will, Determinism, and Human Action13 Good and EvilBibliographyIndex

Peter Adamson, Ph.D. (2000), University of Notre Dame, is Professor of Late Ancient and Arabic Philosophy at the LMU Munich. He has published monographs on the philosophers al-Kindī and al-Rāzī and edited many books, including Interpreting Avicenna: Critical Essays (Cambridge University Press, 2013).Fedor Benevich, Ph.D. (2016), LMU Munich, is Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. He is the author of Essentialität und Notwendigkeit: Avicenna und die Aristotelische Tradition (Brill 2018) as well as of multiple articles and chapters on Avicenna, post-Avicennan Islamic philosophy, and kalām.

• AcknowledgementsIntroduction1 Method2 Historical Overview3 Prehistory4 Formation5 Culmination6 Refinement7 Others8 Online Text Resource1 The Subject Matter of Metaphysics and Kalam2 The Essence-Existence Distinction3 Univocity and Equivocity of Existence4 Non-Existence and Mental Existence5 Universals6 Platonic Forms7 Individuation8 Proofs for God’s Existence9 God’s Essence10 God’s Knowledge11 God’s Knowledge of Particulars12 Free Will, Determinism, and Human Action13 Good and EvilBibliographyIndex

Peter Adamson, Ph.D. (2000), University of Notre Dame, is Professor of Late Ancient and Arabic Philosophy at the LMU Munich. He has published monographs on the philosophers al-Kindī and al-Rāzī and edited many books, including Interpreting Avicenna: Critical Essays (Cambridge University Press, 2013).Fedor Benevich, Ph.D. (2016), LMU Munich, is Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. He is the author of Essentialität und Notwendigkeit: Avicenna und die Aristotelische Tradition (Brill 2018) as well as of multiple articles and chapters on Avicenna, post-Avicennan Islamic philosophy, and kalām.

• AcknowledgementsIntroduction1 Method2 Historical Overview3 Prehistory4 Formation5 Culmination6 Refinement7 Others8 Online Text Resource1 The Subject Matter of Metaphysics and Kalam2 The Essence-Existence Distinction3 Univocity and Equivocity of Existence4 Non-Existence and Mental Existence5 Universals6 Platonic Forms7 Individuation8 Proofs for God’s Existence9 God’s Essence10 God’s Knowledge11 God’s Knowledge of Particulars12 Free Will, Determinism, and Human Action13 Good and EvilBibliographyIndex