Isabel Kempner is a researcher at the Education Endowment Foundation. She was formerly a primary school teacher and has taught at schools in England, Germany, and France. She received a BERA prize for her MA Comparative Education dissertation on school councils.Jan Germen Janmaat is Professor of Political Socialization at UCL Institute of Education. He has published widely on the role of education in promoting democratic values and has recently completed a Nuffield-funded project on social inequality in political engagement.

• PrefaceList of Figures1 Introduction: Access to School Councils2 Democratic Forums1 What Are School Councils?2 The Normative Justification3 The Pedagogical Justification4 Contextualising School Councils within Education5 Case Studies6 Discussion of the Case Studies7 Why School Councils?8 Chapter Summary3 Questions of Access1 National Level2 School Level3 Individual Level4 A Quantitative Approach1 Data Source2 Variables3 Method5 Results: Determinants of Access to School Councils across Europe1 The Empty Model2 Country Level Analysis3 School Level Analysis4 Initial Observations at the Individual Level5 Determinants of Individuals’ Participation (Multi-Level Analysis)6 Exclusive Clubs1 International Overview2 The Influence of Political Cultures3 The Influence of School Type4 The Influence of Socio-Demographic Characteristics5 The Implications of Our Findings7 Improving Democratic EducationAppendix: Full Wording and Coding from the ICCS Questionnaires for All Applicable VariablesReferencesIndex

Isabel Kempner is a researcher at the Education Endowment Foundation. She was formerly a primary school teacher and has taught at schools in England, Germany, and France. She received a BERA prize for her MA Comparative Education dissertation on school councils.Jan Germen Janmaat is Professor of Political Socialization at UCL Institute of Education. He has published widely on the role of education in promoting democratic values and has recently completed a Nuffield-funded project on social inequality in political engagement.

• PrefaceList of Figures1 Introduction: Access to School Councils2 Democratic Forums1 What Are School Councils?2 The Normative Justification3 The Pedagogical Justification4 Contextualising School Councils within Education5 Case Studies6 Discussion of the Case Studies7 Why School Councils?8 Chapter Summary3 Questions of Access1 National Level2 School Level3 Individual Level4 A Quantitative Approach1 Data Source2 Variables3 Method5 Results: Determinants of Access to School Councils across Europe1 The Empty Model2 Country Level Analysis3 School Level Analysis4 Initial Observations at the Individual Level5 Determinants of Individuals’ Participation (Multi-Level Analysis)6 Exclusive Clubs1 International Overview2 The Influence of Political Cultures3 The Influence of School Type4 The Influence of Socio-Demographic Characteristics5 The Implications of Our Findings7 Improving Democratic EducationAppendix: Full Wording and Coding from the ICCS Questionnaires for All Applicable VariablesReferencesIndex

Isabel Kempner is a researcher at the Education Endowment Foundation. She was formerly a primary school teacher and has taught at schools in England, Germany, and France. She received a BERA prize for her MA Comparative Education dissertation on school councils.Jan Germen Janmaat is Professor of Political Socialization at UCL Institute of Education. He has published widely on the role of education in promoting democratic values and has recently completed a Nuffield-funded project on social inequality in political engagement.

• PrefaceList of Figures1 Introduction: Access to School Councils2 Democratic Forums1 What Are School Councils?2 The Normative Justification3 The Pedagogical Justification4 Contextualising School Councils within Education5 Case Studies6 Discussion of the Case Studies7 Why School Councils?8 Chapter Summary3 Questions of Access1 National Level2 School Level3 Individual Level4 A Quantitative Approach1 Data Source2 Variables3 Method5 Results: Determinants of Access to School Councils across Europe1 The Empty Model2 Country Level Analysis3 School Level Analysis4 Initial Observations at the Individual Level5 Determinants of Individuals’ Participation (Multi-Level Analysis)6 Exclusive Clubs1 International Overview2 The Influence of Political Cultures3 The Influence of School Type4 The Influence of Socio-Demographic Characteristics5 The Implications of Our Findings7 Improving Democratic EducationAppendix: Full Wording and Coding from the ICCS Questionnaires for All Applicable VariablesReferencesIndex