Short History of Christianity beyond the West

Klaus Koschorke is professor emeritus at Munich University LMU (Chair‚ Early and Global History of Christianity). He had multiple guest professorships in Asia (India, China, Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka), Africa (South Africa, Ethiopia) and UK. He has published widely on the history of Christianity in the Global South and developed the concept of polycentricity in the history of World Christianity, including A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450-1990. A Documentary Sourcebook, edited by K. Koschorke, F. Ludwig and M. Delgado (Eerdmans 2007).

"wonderful work that is eye-opening in many ways" Volker Leppin, Yale Divinity School “This one-volume introductory book uniquely contributes to understanding global South Christianity from the 1500s to the present day, interweaving unparalleled details and connections.” Raimundo Barreto, Princeton Theological Seminary “pioneering book” Kevin Ward, University of Leeds "This is a magnificent synthesis and belongs in the bookcase of every teacher and student of church history." Thomas Kaufmann, University of Göttingen"fills a gap and is urgently needed" Martin Wallraff, University of Munich"indispensable" Andreas Müller, University of Kiel"impressive and strongly recommended" Fabian Fechner, Global History, University of Hagen“This book breathes life and animates the readers to imagine the vitality and challenges of World Christianity in their contexts” Daniel Jeyaraj, Liverpool Hope University

• ForewordList of Figures and MapsTechnical Notes for UseIn Place of an Introduction: “Christians and Spices” – or: the Multiplicity of Regional Centers in the History of World ChristianityPART 1: 1450–16001 The Christian World around 15001.1 Christian Europe around 15001.2 The Islamic World1.3 Knowledge of Non-European Cultures, Perceptions of Europe from Outside1.4 Christians and Churches in Africa and Asia2 The Iberian Expansion of the 15th/16th Century2.1 The Portuguese on their Way around Africa (1415ff)2.2 Spain, Columbus and the “Discovery” of the “New World” (1492)2.3 Divided Spheres of Interest (‘Inter Cetera’ 1493, Tordesillas 1494)2.4 Encounters: Vasco da Gama and the Indian St. Thomas Christians (1498ff)3 Iberoamerica I: Colonization and Christianization3.1 American-Indian Cultures on the Eve of the Iberian Invasion3.2 Stages of the Conquest3.3 Legal Titles: Patronage and ‘Requerimiento’3.4 Mission Personnel, Duality of Mission and Colonial Church4 Iberoamerica II: Debates and Controversies4.1 Religious Debates: Franciscans and Aztecs in Mexico 15244.2 Controversies over Ethics of Colonialism: Antonio de Montesinos, Bartolomé de las Casas4.3 Experiments on the Formation of an American-Indigenous Church4.4 Beginnings of Black Slavery in America5 Mission under the Padroado: Encounters and Conflicts in Africa and Asia5.1 Ethiopia: Portuguese as Guests and Allies in the Christian Empire5.2 Beginnings of Catholic Presence in Sub-Saharan Africa5.3 Goa as an Ecclesiastical and Political Center5.4 Francis Xavier: India, Malacca, Moluccas, Japan, Plans for China (1542–1552)6 Forms of Indigenous Christianity6.1 Asia: the South Indian Paravars and the Martyrs of Mannar (Sri Lanka)6.2 Africa: the Christian Kongo Kingdom in its Transatlantic Connections6.3 Iberoamerica: Voices of American-Indian and Mestizo Christians7 Reception of the Council of Trent Overseas and the End of Local Experiments7.1 State of Expansion at the End of the 16th Century7.2 Trent and its Impact on Spanish America7.3 India: the Synod of Diamper 1599 and the Forced Union of the St. Thomas Christians7.4 Ethiopia: Expulsion of the Jesuits under Emperor Fasilidas (since 1632/33)Illustrations for Part I 65PART 2: 17th/18th Centuries8 Changing Framework8.1 Aspects of European Expansion8.2 Stages in Mission History8.3 Enlightenment and Other Debates8.4 Regional Centers, Transcontinental Entanglements9 Latin America9.1 The Church in the Colonial City9.2 Native American and Mestizo Voices9.3 Jesuit Reductions (1609–1768)9.4 On the Eve of Independence10 Africa10.1 Ethiopia: Period of Self-Imposed Isolation10.2 Regional Developments10.3 Protestant Beginnings10.4 Transatlantic Slave Trade, Vision of a Return to Africa11 Asia11.1 Japan: the End of the “Christian Century”11.2 China: Accommodation Strategies and Rite Controversy11.3 Sri Lanka and the Philippines: Resistance in a Colonial Context11.4 Korea: Self-Founded Martyrs’ Church (1784ff)11.5 Tranquebar 1706 and the Beginnings of Protestant Mission in AsiaIllustrations for Part IIPART 3: 1800–189012 The End of the First Colonial Age and the Beginning of the “Protestant Century”12.1 Collapse of the Old Colonial Systems (Ibero-America, Africa, Asia)12.2 Hitting Rock Bottom of the Catholic Missions (Asia, Africa, America)12.3 Developments in the Protestant World12.4 Transcontinental Migration Flows, Beginnings of African-Chapter 1313 Asia13.1 South Asia: Missions as a Factor of Modernization13.2 Northeast Asia (China, Japan, Korea): Opium Trade and Bible Smuggling13.3 Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia13.4 Indigenous Versions of Christianity14 Africa14.1 West Africa: Slave Emancipation and Transatlantic Resettlement Projects14.2 South Africa: Black Christians and White Settlers14.3 East and Central Africa: David Livingstone and Other European “Discoverers”14.4 African Christian Rulers: Madagascar, Uganda, Ethiopia14.5 S. A. J. Crowther, First Black African Bishop, and Controversies about the “Three Selves”15 Latin America15.1 Independence Struggle and the Church (1804–1830)15.2 The Catholic Church and the New States (1830–1890)15.3 Romanization of Latin American Catholicism15.4 Forms of Protestant Presence in Latin AmericaIllustrations for Part IIIPART 4: 1890–194516 Churches and Missions in the Age of High Imperialism16.1 Growing Colonial Rivalries16.2 New Missionary Actors16.3 Indigenous Counter-Movements16.4 Multiplicity of Transregional and Transcontinental Networks16.5 The First World War as a Caesura and the End of the ‘Christianity-Civilization’ Model17 Asia17.1 Religious Nationalisms and Indigenization Experiments17.2 Ecumenism as a Protest Movement, National Church Aspirations17.3 Developments in Catholic Asia17.4 Between World War I and World War II18 Africa18.1 The Christian Missions and the “Scramble for Africa”18.2 The Emergence of African Independent Churches18.3 Themes of the Twenties and Thirties18.4 Christian Elites and the Political Independence Movements19 Latin America19.1 The Situation around 190019.2 Regional Profiles: Brazil, Mexico, Cuba19.3 World Economic Crisis and Social Question19.4 Denominational Pluralization, New ReligionsPART 5: 1945–199020 Postcolonial Order and Ecclesial Emancipation Movements20.1 End of the Second World War, Waves of Decolonization20.2 New Alliances, Movement of “Third World”-Countries20.3 Forms of Ecclesiastical and Theological Emancipation20.4 Growing Importance of the Southern Churches in the Global Ecumenical Movement20.5 New Actors and Movements21 Asia: the 1950s21.1 Christians as a Minority in the Process of Nation Building21.2 Loss of Status and Persecutions under Communist Rule21.3 Search for Christian Identity in the “New Asia”21.4 Approaches to New Theological Orientation22 Africa in the 1960s22.1 Church and State in New Africa22.2 ‘Historical’ and Independent Churches22.3 Approaches to African Theology, Interreligious Initiatives22.4 South Africa: Christians and Churches in the Apartheid State23 Latin America: the 1970s23.1 Between Social Revolution and State Repression23.2 The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) and the Bishops’ Conference of Medellín (1968)23.3 Liberation Theologies: Characteristics, Controversies, Developments23.4 Protestant and (Neo)Pentecostal Groups, Revitalization of African American Religions24 “Shift of Centers”: Developments in the 1980s24.1 From a North to a South Majority24.2 “Return of the Religions”, Religious Fundamentalisms24.3 “Reverse Missions”, Impacts on the West24.4 Regional Developments and ProfilesIllustrations for Part VPART 6: On the Threshold of the 21st Century25 1989/90 as an Epoch Year in Global Christian History25.1 End of the Cold War, Collapse of Apartheid, Crisis of Liberation Theologies25.2 Internet, Digital Globalization, Liberalized Travel25.3 Changing Geographies of Religion, Transcontinental Churches, New Dynamics of Polycentrism25.4 “The Next Christendom” – Discussions and Expectations around the Turn of the MillenniumOutlook, PerspectivesMapsBibliographyBibliography I: Standard Works, General SurveysBibliography II: Complete List of ReferencesIllustration CreditsDigital AppendixIndex