Alexander Lott (Ph.D.) is a researcher at the Norwegian Centre for the Law of the Sea (UiT) and the University of Tartu. He is the author of the books Hybrid Threats and the Law of the Sea (Brill, 2022) and The Estonian Straits (Brill, 2018).

• ForewordJames KraskaList of IllustrationsList of AbbreviationsNotes on ContributorsTable of CasesTable of TreatiesIntroductionAlexander LottPART 1: Hybrid Warfare through the Lens of Maritime Security Law1 Towards a Definition of Hybrid WarfareStuart Casey-Maslen, Arne Willy Dahl, Sofia Galani and Alexander Lott2 The Use of Force in Self-Defence and the Taking of Countermeasures in Response to Maritime Hybrid Warfare under International LawStuart Casey-Maslen3 The Concept of Military Activities in the Law of the Sea and Its Implications for the Baltic Sea in a Context of Growing Threats of Hybrid WarfarePierre Thévenin4 Use of Force in Hybrid Naval Warfare Contexts: Applicability of the Law Enforcement or Conduct of Hostilities Rules?Anna PetrigPART 2: The Legal Resilience of Critical Offshore Infrastructure to Hybrid Warfare5 The Protection of Critical Undersea Infrastructure within and beyond the Limits of the Territorial Sea under the Jus ad Bellum and Jus in BelloAlexander Lott6 Sabotage of Critical Offshore Infrastructure: a Case Study of the Balticconnector IncidentHenrik Ringbom and Alexander Lott7 The Nord Stream Pipelines from the Viewpoint of Law and GeopoliticsTimo Koivurova and Theresa WinkelPART 3: Hybrid Threats to International Navigation8 The Emerging ‘Shadow Fleet’ as a Maritime Security and Ocean Governance ChallengeIva Parlov and Ulf Sverdrup9 The Instrumentalization of Migration as a Hybrid Threat against the EU: Can Human Rights Become ‘Hybrid’ Too?Sofia Galani10 Naval Blockade of Ukraine’s Black Sea Ports in the Light of International LawDariusz Rafał Bugajski11 The Montreux Convention and the Ongoing Armed Conflict between Russia and UkraineMagne Frostad12 Responding to Hybrid Threats in the Japanese StraitsShin KawagishiConcluding Observations on the Nature of Hybrid Warfare at Sea and Its Implications to the Safety of Offshore Infrastructure and International NavigationAlexander LottIndex

Alexander Lott (Ph.D.) is a researcher at the Norwegian Centre for the Law of the Sea (UiT) and the University of Tartu. He is the author of the books Hybrid Threats and the Law of the Sea (Brill, 2022) and The Estonian Straits (Brill, 2018).

• ForewordJames KraskaList of IllustrationsList of AbbreviationsNotes on ContributorsTable of CasesTable of TreatiesIntroductionAlexander LottPART 1: Hybrid Warfare through the Lens of Maritime Security Law1 Towards a Definition of Hybrid WarfareStuart Casey-Maslen, Arne Willy Dahl, Sofia Galani and Alexander Lott2 The Use of Force in Self-Defence and the Taking of Countermeasures in Response to Maritime Hybrid Warfare under International LawStuart Casey-Maslen3 The Concept of Military Activities in the Law of the Sea and Its Implications for the Baltic Sea in a Context of Growing Threats of Hybrid WarfarePierre Thévenin4 Use of Force in Hybrid Naval Warfare Contexts: Applicability of the Law Enforcement or Conduct of Hostilities Rules?Anna PetrigPART 2: The Legal Resilience of Critical Offshore Infrastructure to Hybrid Warfare5 The Protection of Critical Undersea Infrastructure within and beyond the Limits of the Territorial Sea under the Jus ad Bellum and Jus in BelloAlexander Lott6 Sabotage of Critical Offshore Infrastructure: a Case Study of the Balticconnector IncidentHenrik Ringbom and Alexander Lott7 The Nord Stream Pipelines from the Viewpoint of Law and GeopoliticsTimo Koivurova and Theresa WinkelPART 3: Hybrid Threats to International Navigation8 The Emerging ‘Shadow Fleet’ as a Maritime Security and Ocean Governance ChallengeIva Parlov and Ulf Sverdrup9 The Instrumentalization of Migration as a Hybrid Threat against the EU: Can Human Rights Become ‘Hybrid’ Too?Sofia Galani10 Naval Blockade of Ukraine’s Black Sea Ports in the Light of International LawDariusz Rafał Bugajski11 The Montreux Convention and the Ongoing Armed Conflict between Russia and UkraineMagne Frostad12 Responding to Hybrid Threats in the Japanese StraitsShin KawagishiConcluding Observations on the Nature of Hybrid Warfare at Sea and Its Implications to the Safety of Offshore Infrastructure and International NavigationAlexander LottIndex