Daniel Ucko, Ph.D. University College London (2001) and Stony Brook University (2020), is Head of Ethics and Research Integrity at the American Physical Society.

• Acknowledgments IXAbbreviations and Acronyms XIIntroduction: Peer Review, an Ancient New Tradition1 Introducing the Project1 How Peer Review Operates1 Agents and Their Roles2 Why Publish?3 The Referee Persona4 The Editor5 Schematic of the Peer Review Process6 Conclusion of Peer Review2 History1 The Myth of Oldenburg2 Pre-history of Peer Review3 Conclusion: Transition to Modern Peer Review3 Objectivity1 Objectivity as Realism2 Process Objectivity3 Persona4 Conclusion: Whither Objectivity?4 Anonymity1 What Is Anonymity?2 Rise of the Anonymous Referee3 Why Is Anonymity Accepted?4 Anonymous Authors5 Conclusion: the Tension between Anonymity and Open Science5 Trust1 A Cognitive Account of Trust2 The Hardwig Affair3 Peer Review and Trust4 The Replication Crisis5 Power Relations and Trust6 An Affective Account of Trust7 Expertise and Trust8 Trust and Distrust9 Conclusion on Trust in Peer Review6 Opening Up1 Opening Peer Review2 Opening Access3 Conclusion on OpennessConclusionBibliographyIndex

Daniel Ucko, Ph.D. University College London (2001) and Stony Brook University (2020), is Head of Ethics and Research Integrity at the American Physical Society.

• Acknowledgments IXAbbreviations and Acronyms XIIntroduction: Peer Review, an Ancient New Tradition1 Introducing the Project1 How Peer Review Operates1 Agents and Their Roles2 Why Publish?3 The Referee Persona4 The Editor5 Schematic of the Peer Review Process6 Conclusion of Peer Review2 History1 The Myth of Oldenburg2 Pre-history of Peer Review3 Conclusion: Transition to Modern Peer Review3 Objectivity1 Objectivity as Realism2 Process Objectivity3 Persona4 Conclusion: Whither Objectivity?4 Anonymity1 What Is Anonymity?2 Rise of the Anonymous Referee3 Why Is Anonymity Accepted?4 Anonymous Authors5 Conclusion: the Tension between Anonymity and Open Science5 Trust1 A Cognitive Account of Trust2 The Hardwig Affair3 Peer Review and Trust4 The Replication Crisis5 Power Relations and Trust6 An Affective Account of Trust7 Expertise and Trust8 Trust and Distrust9 Conclusion on Trust in Peer Review6 Opening Up1 Opening Peer Review2 Opening Access3 Conclusion on OpennessConclusionBibliographyIndex

Daniel Ucko, Ph.D. University College London (2001) and Stony Brook University (2020), is Head of Ethics and Research Integrity at the American Physical Society.

• Acknowledgments IXAbbreviations and Acronyms XIIntroduction: Peer Review, an Ancient New Tradition1 Introducing the Project1 How Peer Review Operates1 Agents and Their Roles2 Why Publish?3 The Referee Persona4 The Editor5 Schematic of the Peer Review Process6 Conclusion of Peer Review2 History1 The Myth of Oldenburg2 Pre-history of Peer Review3 Conclusion: Transition to Modern Peer Review3 Objectivity1 Objectivity as Realism2 Process Objectivity3 Persona4 Conclusion: Whither Objectivity?4 Anonymity1 What Is Anonymity?2 Rise of the Anonymous Referee3 Why Is Anonymity Accepted?4 Anonymous Authors5 Conclusion: the Tension between Anonymity and Open Science5 Trust1 A Cognitive Account of Trust2 The Hardwig Affair3 Peer Review and Trust4 The Replication Crisis5 Power Relations and Trust6 An Affective Account of Trust7 Expertise and Trust8 Trust and Distrust9 Conclusion on Trust in Peer Review6 Opening Up1 Opening Peer Review2 Opening Access3 Conclusion on OpennessConclusionBibliographyIndex