Marek Hetmański, Ph.D. (1988), Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, is full Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at that university. He has published monographs and many articles on epistemology, including Rationality and Decision Making: From Normative Rules to Heuristics (Brill, 2018).Jan Pomorski, Ph.D. (1980), Adam Mickiewicz University, is full Professor of History and Methodology of History at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University. He has published monographs and many articles on theory and methodology of history, including Homo Metahistoricus (UMCS, 2019).

• List of FiguresNotes on the Original Publications1 Introduction: Narcyz Łubnicki, Ludwik Fleck, Leon Koj, and Zdzisław CackowskiFour Founders of Philosophical Research at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska UniversityMarek Hetmański, Jan Pomorski, Jacek Paśniczek, Zbysław Muszyński, and Józef DębowskiPart 1 Philosophy of Science and Methodology2 Key Aspects of the Positivist WorldviewNarcyz Łubnicki3 How Did the Bordet-Wassermann Test Emerge? And How Does Any Scientific Discovery Come About?Ludwik Fleck4 Dissolving Metaphysical Problems by Applying the Postulate MethodNarcyz ŁubnickiPart 2 Theory of Knowledge and Epistemology5 On Ultimate JustificationNarcyz Łubnicki6 On the Justification of BeliefsLeon Koj7 The Theory of Knowledge: Its Subject Matter and Scope. Knowledge as Fact, Necessity, PossibilityZdzisław Cackowski8 Continuity and Discontinuity in Human CognitionZdzisław Cackowski9 Epistemological ObstacleZdzisław CackowskiPart 3 Semantics, Semiotics and Philosophical Logic10 Introduction to Intensional SemanticsLeon Koj11 Disputes Surrounding Extensional SemanticsLeon Koj12 An Event-Based Conception of SignsLeon Koj13 The Uniqueness of Human Action: Mediation, Problem-Orientation, SymbolismZdzisław Cackowski14 The Material Nature of Signs and the Function of MeaningZdzisław CackowskiPart 4 Axiology and Philosophical Anthropology15 Epistemological Issues in EthicsNarcyz Łubnicki16 Action, Counteraction, ValuationZdzisław Cackowski17 The Definition of ObligationLeon Koj18 Pain, Suffering and Human ConsciousnessZdzisław CackowskiIndex of Terms and Names

Marek Hetmański, Ph.D. (1988), Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, is full Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at that university. He has published monographs and many articles on epistemology, including Rationality and Decision Making: From Normative Rules to Heuristics (Brill, 2018).Jan Pomorski, Ph.D. (1980), Adam Mickiewicz University, is full Professor of History and Methodology of History at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University. He has published monographs and many articles on theory and methodology of history, including Homo Metahistoricus (UMCS, 2019).

• List of FiguresNotes on the Original Publications1 Introduction: Narcyz Łubnicki, Ludwik Fleck, Leon Koj, and Zdzisław CackowskiFour Founders of Philosophical Research at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska UniversityMarek Hetmański, Jan Pomorski, Jacek Paśniczek, Zbysław Muszyński, and Józef DębowskiPart 1 Philosophy of Science and Methodology2 Key Aspects of the Positivist WorldviewNarcyz Łubnicki3 How Did the Bordet-Wassermann Test Emerge? And How Does Any Scientific Discovery Come About?Ludwik Fleck4 Dissolving Metaphysical Problems by Applying the Postulate MethodNarcyz ŁubnickiPart 2 Theory of Knowledge and Epistemology5 On Ultimate JustificationNarcyz Łubnicki6 On the Justification of BeliefsLeon Koj7 The Theory of Knowledge: Its Subject Matter and Scope. Knowledge as Fact, Necessity, PossibilityZdzisław Cackowski8 Continuity and Discontinuity in Human CognitionZdzisław Cackowski9 Epistemological ObstacleZdzisław CackowskiPart 3 Semantics, Semiotics and Philosophical Logic10 Introduction to Intensional SemanticsLeon Koj11 Disputes Surrounding Extensional SemanticsLeon Koj12 An Event-Based Conception of SignsLeon Koj13 The Uniqueness of Human Action: Mediation, Problem-Orientation, SymbolismZdzisław Cackowski14 The Material Nature of Signs and the Function of MeaningZdzisław CackowskiPart 4 Axiology and Philosophical Anthropology15 Epistemological Issues in EthicsNarcyz Łubnicki16 Action, Counteraction, ValuationZdzisław Cackowski17 The Definition of ObligationLeon Koj18 Pain, Suffering and Human ConsciousnessZdzisław CackowskiIndex of Terms and Names

Marek Hetmański, Ph.D. (1988), Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, is full Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at that university. He has published monographs and many articles on epistemology, including Rationality and Decision Making: From Normative Rules to Heuristics (Brill, 2018).Jan Pomorski, Ph.D. (1980), Adam Mickiewicz University, is full Professor of History and Methodology of History at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University. He has published monographs and many articles on theory and methodology of history, including Homo Metahistoricus (UMCS, 2019).

• List of FiguresNotes on the Original Publications1 Introduction: Narcyz Łubnicki, Ludwik Fleck, Leon Koj, and Zdzisław CackowskiFour Founders of Philosophical Research at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska UniversityMarek Hetmański, Jan Pomorski, Jacek Paśniczek, Zbysław Muszyński, and Józef DębowskiPart 1 Philosophy of Science and Methodology2 Key Aspects of the Positivist WorldviewNarcyz Łubnicki3 How Did the Bordet-Wassermann Test Emerge? And How Does Any Scientific Discovery Come About?Ludwik Fleck4 Dissolving Metaphysical Problems by Applying the Postulate MethodNarcyz ŁubnickiPart 2 Theory of Knowledge and Epistemology5 On Ultimate JustificationNarcyz Łubnicki6 On the Justification of BeliefsLeon Koj7 The Theory of Knowledge: Its Subject Matter and Scope. Knowledge as Fact, Necessity, PossibilityZdzisław Cackowski8 Continuity and Discontinuity in Human CognitionZdzisław Cackowski9 Epistemological ObstacleZdzisław CackowskiPart 3 Semantics, Semiotics and Philosophical Logic10 Introduction to Intensional SemanticsLeon Koj11 Disputes Surrounding Extensional SemanticsLeon Koj12 An Event-Based Conception of SignsLeon Koj13 The Uniqueness of Human Action: Mediation, Problem-Orientation, SymbolismZdzisław Cackowski14 The Material Nature of Signs and the Function of MeaningZdzisław CackowskiPart 4 Axiology and Philosophical Anthropology15 Epistemological Issues in EthicsNarcyz Łubnicki16 Action, Counteraction, ValuationZdzisław Cackowski17 The Definition of ObligationLeon Koj18 Pain, Suffering and Human ConsciousnessZdzisław CackowskiIndex of Terms and Names