Masako Endo is a sociologist who received her Ph.D. from Binghamton University-State University of New York. Curently, she is a faculty member in the Department of Sociology at Drexel University.

• AcknowledgementsList of FiguresA Note on Japanese NamesIntroduction1 Rethinking Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Class in the Occupation2 Womanhood and Nationhood3 Defeat and Female Sexuality4 Gendered Work, Sexualized Work, and Emotional Work5 Beyond the Conceptualization of Panpan as the Symbol of the Occupation6 Exploring Ambiguous Boundaries of Race and Sexuality7 The Structure of This Book1 The Making of Modern Japanese Womanhood1 Japan and “Civilization”2 Civilizing Japanese Women3 Wars, Nationalism, and Women4 Japanese Women at War5 The Virtuous Japanese Woman2 Defense of Japanese Womanhood1 “Sudden” Defeat2 Panic over the Occupation3 Operation “Floodwall of Chastity”4 Serving the Occupier5 The Weakening State and the End of the RAA3 Devious Women of the Occupation: Blurring Gender and Racial Lines1 Panpan—Devious Women of the Occupation2 Humanizing Panpan: Interviews with a Sex Worker3 Who Became Panpan?: Women from Diverse Backgrounds4 Unclear Boundaries between “Good” and “Bad” Women5 Challenging Womanhood and Nationhood4 Sexualizing Japanese Womanhood1 Getting to Know America, Its Culture, and Its People2 The Impact of Panpan on Occupied Japan3 Sexualizing Japanese Women4 Panpan Culture and the Youth5 “Panpanizing” Womanhood and Nationhood5 Transgressing Boundaries: Interracial Intimacy and Racial Mixing1 Stigma and Interracial Intimacy2 Stigma and Mixed-Blood Children of the Occupation3 Stigmatized Mothers and Racialized Children4 Interracial Romance as Cautionary Tales5 International Romance to Represent Exemplary Japanese Femininity6 Reclaiming Japanese Femininity1 Growing Nationalist Sentiment after Independence2 Searching Japanese Identity: Ideal and Reality3 The Resurgence of Chastity Discourse4 Otoki and Post-Occupation Japanese WomanhoodConclusionBibliographyIndex

Masako Endo is a sociologist who received her Ph.D. from Binghamton University-State University of New York. Curently, she is a faculty member in the Department of Sociology at Drexel University.

• AcknowledgementsList of FiguresA Note on Japanese NamesIntroduction1 Rethinking Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Class in the Occupation2 Womanhood and Nationhood3 Defeat and Female Sexuality4 Gendered Work, Sexualized Work, and Emotional Work5 Beyond the Conceptualization of Panpan as the Symbol of the Occupation6 Exploring Ambiguous Boundaries of Race and Sexuality7 The Structure of This Book1 The Making of Modern Japanese Womanhood1 Japan and “Civilization”2 Civilizing Japanese Women3 Wars, Nationalism, and Women4 Japanese Women at War5 The Virtuous Japanese Woman2 Defense of Japanese Womanhood1 “Sudden” Defeat2 Panic over the Occupation3 Operation “Floodwall of Chastity”4 Serving the Occupier5 The Weakening State and the End of the RAA3 Devious Women of the Occupation: Blurring Gender and Racial Lines1 Panpan—Devious Women of the Occupation2 Humanizing Panpan: Interviews with a Sex Worker3 Who Became Panpan?: Women from Diverse Backgrounds4 Unclear Boundaries between “Good” and “Bad” Women5 Challenging Womanhood and Nationhood4 Sexualizing Japanese Womanhood1 Getting to Know America, Its Culture, and Its People2 The Impact of Panpan on Occupied Japan3 Sexualizing Japanese Women4 Panpan Culture and the Youth5 “Panpanizing” Womanhood and Nationhood5 Transgressing Boundaries: Interracial Intimacy and Racial Mixing1 Stigma and Interracial Intimacy2 Stigma and Mixed-Blood Children of the Occupation3 Stigmatized Mothers and Racialized Children4 Interracial Romance as Cautionary Tales5 International Romance to Represent Exemplary Japanese Femininity6 Reclaiming Japanese Femininity1 Growing Nationalist Sentiment after Independence2 Searching Japanese Identity: Ideal and Reality3 The Resurgence of Chastity Discourse4 Otoki and Post-Occupation Japanese WomanhoodConclusionBibliographyIndex

Masako Endo is a sociologist who received her Ph.D. from Binghamton University-State University of New York. Curently, she is a faculty member in the Department of Sociology at Drexel University.

• AcknowledgementsList of FiguresA Note on Japanese NamesIntroduction1 Rethinking Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Class in the Occupation2 Womanhood and Nationhood3 Defeat and Female Sexuality4 Gendered Work, Sexualized Work, and Emotional Work5 Beyond the Conceptualization of Panpan as the Symbol of the Occupation6 Exploring Ambiguous Boundaries of Race and Sexuality7 The Structure of This Book1 The Making of Modern Japanese Womanhood1 Japan and “Civilization”2 Civilizing Japanese Women3 Wars, Nationalism, and Women4 Japanese Women at War5 The Virtuous Japanese Woman2 Defense of Japanese Womanhood1 “Sudden” Defeat2 Panic over the Occupation3 Operation “Floodwall of Chastity”4 Serving the Occupier5 The Weakening State and the End of the RAA3 Devious Women of the Occupation: Blurring Gender and Racial Lines1 Panpan—Devious Women of the Occupation2 Humanizing Panpan: Interviews with a Sex Worker3 Who Became Panpan?: Women from Diverse Backgrounds4 Unclear Boundaries between “Good” and “Bad” Women5 Challenging Womanhood and Nationhood4 Sexualizing Japanese Womanhood1 Getting to Know America, Its Culture, and Its People2 The Impact of Panpan on Occupied Japan3 Sexualizing Japanese Women4 Panpan Culture and the Youth5 “Panpanizing” Womanhood and Nationhood5 Transgressing Boundaries: Interracial Intimacy and Racial Mixing1 Stigma and Interracial Intimacy2 Stigma and Mixed-Blood Children of the Occupation3 Stigmatized Mothers and Racialized Children4 Interracial Romance as Cautionary Tales5 International Romance to Represent Exemplary Japanese Femininity6 Reclaiming Japanese Femininity1 Growing Nationalist Sentiment after Independence2 Searching Japanese Identity: Ideal and Reality3 The Resurgence of Chastity Discourse4 Otoki and Post-Occupation Japanese WomanhoodConclusionBibliographyIndex