Yves Fouquet, holding a PhD in metallogeny and an accreditation to direct research (HDR), joined Ifremer in 1982, where he is currently head of the Geochemistry and Metallogeny laboratory. He is one of the specialists in hydrothermal systems on ocean ridges. In 2010, he was awarded the Grande médaille Prince Albert 1er de Monaco.Denis Lacroix is an engineer by training with a PhD in animal science and has been a researcher at Ifremer for the past thirty years. He has worked in the field of aquaculture and in international relations, both in overseas France and the Mediterranean. Since 2006, he has led the foresight unit at Ifremer and was coordinator of the study on Marine renewable energy sources, published in 2009 by Editions Quæ.

• Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Introduction.- PART ONE Study Summary.- Challenges.- Framework.- Methodology.- Cross-cutting challenges by metal type.- Environmental challenges.- Scenarios and related challenges.- Legal aspects.- Technological innovation challenges.- Results and recommendations.- PART TWO Thematic Contributions.- 1. Deep-sea environment.- 2. Rare and strategic metals.- 3. Characteristics and formation process.- 4. Scientific knowledge and challenges related to hydrogen.- 5. International law and its evolution.- 6. Training organisations and establishments in France and Europe.- 7. Access to raw materials - A historical. legal and geopolitical vision.- Conclusion.- Bibliography.- APPENDICES.- Appendix 1 – Acronyms.- Appendix 2 - Study methodology.- Appendix - 3 Steering Committee.- Appendix - 4 Working Group.- Appendix - 5 Experts consulted.- Appendix - 6 Advantages and constraints of the main deep-sea minerals.- List of authors.

Yves Fouquet, holding a PhD in metallogeny and an accreditation to direct research (HDR), joined Ifremer in 1982, where he is currently head of the Geochemistry and Metallogeny laboratory. He is one of the specialists in hydrothermal systems on ocean ridges. In 2010, he was awarded the Grande médaille Prince Albert 1er de Monaco.Denis Lacroix is an engineer by training with a PhD in animal science and has been a researcher at Ifremer for the past thirty years. He has worked in the field of aquaculture and in international relations, both in overseas France and the Mediterranean. Since 2006, he has led the foresight unit at Ifremer and was coordinator of the study on Marine renewable energy sources, published in 2009 by Editions Quæ.

• Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Introduction.- PART ONE Study Summary.- Challenges.- Framework.- Methodology.- Cross-cutting challenges by metal type.- Environmental challenges.- Scenarios and related challenges.- Legal aspects.- Technological innovation challenges.- Results and recommendations.- PART TWO Thematic Contributions.- 1. Deep-sea environment.- 2. Rare and strategic metals.- 3. Characteristics and formation process.- 4. Scientific knowledge and challenges related to hydrogen.- 5. International law and its evolution.- 6. Training organisations and establishments in France and Europe.- 7. Access to raw materials - A historical. legal and geopolitical vision.- Conclusion.- Bibliography.- APPENDICES.- Appendix 1 – Acronyms.- Appendix 2 - Study methodology.- Appendix - 3 Steering Committee.- Appendix - 4 Working Group.- Appendix - 5 Experts consulted.- Appendix - 6 Advantages and constraints of the main deep-sea minerals.- List of authors.

Yves Fouquet, holding a PhD in metallogeny and an accreditation to direct research (HDR), joined Ifremer in 1982, where he is currently head of the Geochemistry and Metallogeny laboratory. He is one of the specialists in hydrothermal systems on ocean ridges. In 2010, he was awarded the Grande médaille Prince Albert 1er de Monaco.Denis Lacroix is an engineer by training with a PhD in animal science and has been a researcher at Ifremer for the past thirty years. He has worked in the field of aquaculture and in international relations, both in overseas France and the Mediterranean. Since 2006, he has led the foresight unit at Ifremer and was coordinator of the study on Marine renewable energy sources, published in 2009 by Editions Quæ.

• Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Introduction.- PART ONE Study Summary.- Challenges.- Framework.- Methodology.- Cross-cutting challenges by metal type.- Environmental challenges.- Scenarios and related challenges.- Legal aspects.- Technological innovation challenges.- Results and recommendations.- PART TWO Thematic Contributions.- 1. Deep-sea environment.- 2. Rare and strategic metals.- 3. Characteristics and formation process.- 4. Scientific knowledge and challenges related to hydrogen.- 5. International law and its evolution.- 6. Training organisations and establishments in France and Europe.- 7. Access to raw materials - A historical. legal and geopolitical vision.- Conclusion.- Bibliography.- APPENDICES.- Appendix 1 – Acronyms.- Appendix 2 - Study methodology.- Appendix - 3 Steering Committee.- Appendix - 4 Working Group.- Appendix - 5 Experts consulted.- Appendix - 6 Advantages and constraints of the main deep-sea minerals.- List of authors.