P. R. Kumaraswamy is a professor of contemporary Middle East studies in Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi. From 1992-1999 he was a research fellow at the Harry S., Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, Jerusalem. Since joining JNU in September 1999, he has been researching, teaching, and writing on various aspects of the contemporary Middle East. His works include Squaring the Circle: Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home (2018); India’s Israel Policy (2010); and Historical Dictionary of the Arab Israeli Conflict (2015, second edition). Prof. Kumaraswamy has edited a number of volumes and published research articles in international journals. In October 2009 he set up the virtual Middle East Institute, New Delhi and serves as its honorary director. He is also the editor of Contemporary Review of the Middle East andthe series editor of Persian Gulf: India’s Relations with the Region. Md. Muddassir Quamar is Associate Fellow in the Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses, New Delhi. He holds a Ph.D. in Middle East studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University. His doctoral thesis examined social developments in Saudi Arabia between 1991 and 2010 within a conceptual framework of Islamic modernism. Dr. Quamar’s areas of interest include Politics & Societies in the Gulf, Middle East Strategic Affairs, and Political Islam. His research papers have appeared in leading international journals such as Contemporary Arab Affairs, Digest of Middle East Studies, Journal of Arabian Studies and Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. He has co-edited an anthology titled Contemporary Persian Gulf: Essays in Honour of Gulshan Dietl, Prakash C. Jain and Girijesh Pant, contributed chapters to edited volumes and regularly contributes opinion articles on strategic developments in Middle East and India-Gulf relations. Dr. Quamar was has been a visiting fellow in King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, Riyadh and serves as Associate Editor of Contemporary Review of the Middle East.Manjari Singh is doctoral candidate and Ryoichi Sasakawa Young Leaders Fellowship Fund (SYLFF) Fellow at the Centre for West Asian Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. She has published research articles in peer-reviewed journal such as Contemporary Review of the Middle East, Mediterranean Quarterly and Migration and Development. She is a co-editor of Islamic Movements in Middle East (Forthcoming).

• Introduction.- Chapter 1 : Bahrain.- Chapter 2 : Iran.- Chapter 3 : Iraq.- Chapter 4 : Kuwait.- Chapter 5 : Oman.- Chapter 6: Qatar.- Chapter 7: Saudi Arabia.- Chapter 8: United Arab Emirates.- Chapter 9: Yemen.- Chapter 10: Gulf Cooperation Council.- Chapter 11: Policy Options.

P. R. Kumaraswamy is a professor of contemporary Middle East studies in Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi. From 1992-1999 he was a research fellow at the Harry S., Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, Jerusalem. Since joining JNU in September 1999, he has been researching, teaching, and writing on various aspects of the contemporary Middle East. His works include Squaring the Circle: Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home (2018); India’s Israel Policy (2010); and Historical Dictionary of the Arab Israeli Conflict (2015, second edition). Prof. Kumaraswamy has edited a number of volumes and published research articles in international journals. In October 2009 he set up the virtual Middle East Institute, New Delhi and serves as its honorary director. He is also the editor of Contemporary Review of the Middle East andthe series editor of Persian Gulf: India’s Relations with the Region. Md. Muddassir Quamar is Associate Fellow in the Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses, New Delhi. He holds a Ph.D. in Middle East studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University. His doctoral thesis examined social developments in Saudi Arabia between 1991 and 2010 within a conceptual framework of Islamic modernism. Dr. Quamar’s areas of interest include Politics & Societies in the Gulf, Middle East Strategic Affairs, and Political Islam. His research papers have appeared in leading international journals such as Contemporary Arab Affairs, Digest of Middle East Studies, Journal of Arabian Studies and Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. He has co-edited an anthology titled Contemporary Persian Gulf: Essays in Honour of Gulshan Dietl, Prakash C. Jain and Girijesh Pant, contributed chapters to edited volumes and regularly contributes opinion articles on strategic developments in Middle East and India-Gulf relations. Dr. Quamar was has been a visiting fellow in King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, Riyadh and serves as Associate Editor of Contemporary Review of the Middle East.Manjari Singh is doctoral candidate and Ryoichi Sasakawa Young Leaders Fellowship Fund (SYLFF) Fellow at the Centre for West Asian Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. She has published research articles in peer-reviewed journal such as Contemporary Review of the Middle East, Mediterranean Quarterly and Migration and Development. She is a co-editor of Islamic Movements in Middle East (Forthcoming).

• Introduction.- Chapter 1 : Bahrain.- Chapter 2 : Iran.- Chapter 3 : Iraq.- Chapter 4 : Kuwait.- Chapter 5 : Oman.- Chapter 6: Qatar.- Chapter 7: Saudi Arabia.- Chapter 8: United Arab Emirates.- Chapter 9: Yemen.- Chapter 10: Gulf Cooperation Council.- Chapter 11: Policy Options.

P. R. Kumaraswamy is a professor of contemporary Middle East studies in Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi. From 1992-1999 he was a research fellow at the Harry S., Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, Jerusalem. Since joining JNU in September 1999, he has been researching, teaching, and writing on various aspects of the contemporary Middle East. His works include Squaring the Circle: Mahatma Gandhi and the Jewish National Home (2018); India’s Israel Policy (2010); and Historical Dictionary of the Arab Israeli Conflict (2015, second edition). Prof. Kumaraswamy has edited a number of volumes and published research articles in international journals. In October 2009 he set up the virtual Middle East Institute, New Delhi and serves as its honorary director. He is also the editor of Contemporary Review of the Middle East andthe series editor of Persian Gulf: India’s Relations with the Region. Md. Muddassir Quamar is Associate Fellow in the Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses, New Delhi. He holds a Ph.D. in Middle East studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University. His doctoral thesis examined social developments in Saudi Arabia between 1991 and 2010 within a conceptual framework of Islamic modernism. Dr. Quamar’s areas of interest include Politics & Societies in the Gulf, Middle East Strategic Affairs, and Political Islam. His research papers have appeared in leading international journals such as Contemporary Arab Affairs, Digest of Middle East Studies, Journal of Arabian Studies and Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. He has co-edited an anthology titled Contemporary Persian Gulf: Essays in Honour of Gulshan Dietl, Prakash C. Jain and Girijesh Pant, contributed chapters to edited volumes and regularly contributes opinion articles on strategic developments in Middle East and India-Gulf relations. Dr. Quamar was has been a visiting fellow in King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, Riyadh and serves as Associate Editor of Contemporary Review of the Middle East.Manjari Singh is doctoral candidate and Ryoichi Sasakawa Young Leaders Fellowship Fund (SYLFF) Fellow at the Centre for West Asian Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. She has published research articles in peer-reviewed journal such as Contemporary Review of the Middle East, Mediterranean Quarterly and Migration and Development. She is a co-editor of Islamic Movements in Middle East (Forthcoming).

• Introduction.- Chapter 1 : Bahrain.- Chapter 2 : Iran.- Chapter 3 : Iraq.- Chapter 4 : Kuwait.- Chapter 5 : Oman.- Chapter 6: Qatar.- Chapter 7: Saudi Arabia.- Chapter 8: United Arab Emirates.- Chapter 9: Yemen.- Chapter 10: Gulf Cooperation Council.- Chapter 11: Policy Options.