Makiko Watanabe is a professor of soil geography in the Department of Geography, the Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan (2008–present), and she was a professor at the Department of Environmental Science and Technology, the Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology (2002–2010). She served as a program officer of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (2009–2012), a member of the Science Council of Japan (2006–2014), and currently is a member of the National Research and Development Agency Council of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2015–present). She was a visiting scholar at the Godwin Laboratory, the University of Cambridge (1998), a visiting professor at the Department of Historical Ecology, Krasnoyarsk State University (2000), and a visiting professor at the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Regina (2016). Based on her abundant field experiences in the Philippines, Germany, Egypt, Canada, and Mongolia, she has a broad view of understanding the time and space of soil environment and individual land history. Her research achievements are specialized in long-term circulation of soil substances and nature–human systems in regional environments, which provide basic knowledge of potentiality and limitation of homeostasis in terrestrial earth and feasible strategies for sustainable development.

• Introduction.- Major and minor elemental composition  SEM-EDS, EPMA, PIXE, C-NMR, FT-IR, Al-NMR, TEM-EDX.- Life age of Cg sclerotia 14C age and stable isotope ratioδ13C.- Existing amount and strength properties of sclerotium grains.- Carbon decomposition and Al enrichment.- Micromorphology in sclerotium grains (Boemite, opaline silica).- Heavy metal concentration in sclerotia grains.- Fungal communities in sclerotia.- Sclerotia and Soil Anthropods -Niche differentiation of fungivorous Acari and Collembola in Japanese beech forest soils.- Bacterial communities in sclerotia Sphingomonas and Ralstonia picketti.- Sclerotium grains as Microbial carrier in soil.- Active aluminum status as regulating factor of sclerotium distribution Myoko,Podzols, Braunerde  Harz mts. Germany.-  Altitudinal and seasonal distribution of sclerotia grains.- Micro-topographical distribution of sclerotia grainsin Picea abies forest, Harz Mts.- Forest stand structure and sclerotium grains, Mt. Chokai, Central Japan.- Conclusion.