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This book describes the different aspects of aortic valve including comprehensive discussion of the state-of-the-art diagnostic imaging options, disease risk stratification, selection of candidates for valve repair or percutaneous intervention, and most recent therapeutic options. The growing prevalence of valvular heart disease represents a major challenge in terms of short- and long-term management and surveillance. Aortic valve diseases, including aortic stenosis and regurgitation, are among the most frequent of these, while the number of cases of aortic root disease is also on the rise. Aortic valve disease treatment options include valve surgery, valve repair, minimally invasive valve surgery, and percutaneous approaches and all are covered in this volume. Perspective in Aortic Valve Disease is a highly illustrated, case oriented reference aimed at cardiology fellows in training, while also helpful to surgeons, cardiologists, imagers, interventionalists, as well as other clinicians and students involved in the diagnosis and treatment of aortic valve and root diseases.

This book describes the different aspects of ischemic heart disease, one of the leading causes of death in industrialized countries, and whose growing prevalence represents a major challenge in terms of short- and long-term management and surveillance. This volume offers  a comprehensive discussion of the state-of-the-art diagnostic imaging options, of disease risk stratification, selection of candidates for surgical intervention, percutaneous revascularitation, mechanical assist devices implantation. Recently, the morbidity and mortality of ischaemic heart disease have substantially improved because of the progress in therapeutic strategies, represented by the dramatic evolution of percutaneous coronary interventions, that are carefully described in the volume, together with all the other most recent treatment options:  from medical therapy to conventional surgery, minimally invasive surgery,   surgery of ischemic complications.  The biggest challengein the next years is, however, to reduce the incidence of coronary artery disease worldwide.This highly illustrated, case oriented reference book is aimed at cardiology fellows in training, while also helpful to surgeons, cardiologists, imaging specialists, interventional cardiologists, as well as other clinicians and students involved in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic disease.

This book describes the different aspects of ischemic heart disease, one of the leading causes of death in industrialized countries, and whose growing prevalence represents a major challenge in terms of short- and long-term management and surveillance. This volume offers  a comprehensive discussion of the state-of-the-art diagnostic imaging options, of disease risk stratification, selection of candidates for surgical intervention, percutaneous revascularitation, mechanical assist devices implantation. Recently, the morbidity and mortality of ischaemic heart disease have substantially improved because of the progress in therapeutic strategies, represented by the dramatic evolution of percutaneous coronary interventions, that are carefully described in the volume, together with all the other most recent treatment options:  from medical therapy to conventional surgery, minimally invasive surgery,   surgery of ischemic complications.  The biggest challengein the next years is, however, to reduce the incidence of coronary artery disease worldwide.This highly illustrated, case oriented reference book is aimed at cardiology fellows in training, while also helpful to surgeons, cardiologists, imaging specialists, interventional cardiologists, as well as other clinicians and students involved in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic disease.

Biomedical research is at a critical point at present. The research has led to an enormous amount of data and models describing these data, but - proachesforapplication,formalizationand integrationof this knowledgefrom the molecular to the system level are still topics of ongoing research and c- tainly far from fully developed. Also in cardiology the di?erent anatomical and physiological constituents as well as the coupling between them are being researchedin increasing detail and areoften described using computer-based models. But for this domain an integrative framework is still missing. The application of computer-based modeling as a research, development and clinical tool often necessitates the coupling of various models from di?- ent levels. Describing the interactions between these models, which are both physically sound and computationally e?cient, determines the applicability of such promising computer-based attempts. Myhopeisthatthisbookwillcontributetothecomprehension,spreadand impact of computer-based modeling in cardiology,both from a teaching point of view and by summarizing knowledge from several, commonly delimited topics relating to the cardiac manifoldness.The book evolved from revision and extension of my professorial disser- tion(Habilitationsschrift)"MathematicalModelingoftheMammalianHeart" written in 2002. This dissertation was based on notes for the lectures "C- putational Biology: Bioelectromagnetism and Biomechanics," "Simulation of Physical Fields in the Human Body," and "Anatomical, Physical and Fu- tional Models of the Human Body," which I gaveat the Universita t Karlsruhe (TH) from 1998 to 2003. Salt Lake City, 1 February 2004 Frank B. Sachse VI Preface Acknowledgement Manypeople meritmy gratitudefor their assistanceandsupportin this work.

Therecentdevelopmentsindynamiccardiacimagingandmodelingarethe- sultofanincreasinglyfruitfulcooperationbetweentheoreticians,engineers,and practitioners. Thestandardclinicalparametersareprogressivelybene?ttingfrom moreaccuratequantitativemeasurementsthankstoasimultaneoususeof- phisticateddataacquisitiontechniquessuchasmultichannelECGandMEG, dynamicUS,doppler,X-Ray,CT,helicalCT,MRI,fMRI,SPECT,PET...data andadvancedphysicalandmathematicaltools. Itisbecomingpossibleto- cientlycombineprioranatomicalandfunctionalknowledgewithadvanced3D spatio-temporaldigitaldata. Thechallengenowisclearlytocorrelatethemicro structureandfunctionoftheorganfromthecellularlevelwithitsmacroscopic functionalbehavior. TheFIMH2001internationalworkshopaimedtopromotecollaborationb- weenscientistsinsignalandimageprocessing,appliedmathematicsandphysics, biomedicalengineeringandcomputerscience,andexpertsincardiology,rad- logy,biology,andphysiology. TheFIMH2001workshop,inits?rstyear,focused oncomplexheartmodelsinvolvinganatomicalandfunctionalinformation. The goalistograduallymovetowardhybrid3Dbiomechanicalandelectrophysio- gicalmodelsabletosimulatethedynamicbehavioroftheheart.WefeelthatFIMH2001presentedanopportunitytocreateacardio-vascular researchnetworkataEuropeanleveltofederatethemainpluridisciplinary groupsinvolvedinadvancedresearchincardiovascularimagingandmodeling inEurope. Theideaistocreatewhatcouldbecalledthe"EuropeanBeating HeartProject". Thepurposeofsuchaprojectistojoinresearche?ortsto- provediagnosisandtherapyofpathologicaldysfunctionsoftheheart,forthe bene?tofthepatient,throughfundamentalandclinicalresearch. September2001 ToivoKatila IsabelleE. Magnin VI Preface Acknowledgements Themembersoftheprogramcommitteedeservespecialthanksfortheirjob inreviewingallthepapers,andfortheirsupportintheorganizationofthe conference. WethankthemembersoftheCREATISunitinLyonandtheLaboratory ofBiomedicalEngineeringinHelsinkifortheirinvolvementandsupportinthe organizationofthisconference. Conferencesupportedby InstitutNationaldesSciencesAppliqu'eesdeLyon(INSA),France HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology(HUT),Finland CentreNationaldelaRechercheScienti?que(CNRS),France ScienceAcademyofFinland Jointincentiveaction"BeatingHeart"oftheCNRS,France FrenchCulturalCenter,Helsinki French-FinnishAssociationforScienti?candTechnicalResearch(AFFRST) FrenchBiomedicalEngineeringSociety(SFGBM) Organization FIMH2001wasco-organizedbytheCREATISLaboratory,CNRSUMR5515, Lyon,France,andtheLaboratoryofBiomedicalEngineeringattheHelsinski UniversityofTechnology,Finland.ConferenceChairs ToivoKatila LaboratoryofBiomedicalEngineering,H- sinskiUniversityofTechnology,Finland IsabelleE. Magnin CREATIS,CNRSUMR5515,Lyon,France OrganizationCommittee PatrickClarysse CREATIS,CNRSUMR5515,Lyon,France JohanMontagnat CREATIS,CNRSUMR5515,Lyon,France JukkaNenonen LaboratoryofBiomedicalEngineering,H- sinskiUniversityofTechnology,Finland ProgramCommittee T. Arts UniversityofTechnologyofEindhoven,The Netherlands N. Ayache INRIASophia-Antipolis,France S. Baillet LaPiti'eSalp'etri'ere,Paris,France M. Barlaud I3S,Sophia-Antipolis,France L. Bidaut HopitauxUniversitairesdeGen'eve,Switz- land B. Bijnens MIC,KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven,Belgium I. Bloch ENST,Paris,France E. Canet CREATIS,Lyon,France P. Clarysse CREATIS,Lyon,France L. Cohen CEREMADE,Paris,France P. Croisille CREATIS,Lyon,France J. Declerck OMIA,Oxford,UnitedKingdom H. Delingette INRIASophia-Antipolis,France J. D'hooge MIC,KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven,Belgium R. Fenici CatholicUniversityofRome,Italy D. Friboulet CREATIS,Lyon,France A. Herment INSERMU494,Paris,France M. Horacek DalhousieUniversity,Canada M. Janier CREATIS,Lyon,France H. Larson HvidovreHospital,Denmark K.Lauerma HelsinkiUniversityCentralHospital,Finland VIII Organization ProgramCommittee(continuation) S. Loncaric UniversityofZagreb,Croatia J. L..otj..onen VTTTechnology,Tampere,Finland I. E. Magnin CREATIS,Lyon,France M. M.. akij..arvi HelsinkiUniversityCentralHospital,Helsinki, Finland J. Meunier Universit'edeMontr'eal,Canada J. Montagnat CREATIS,Lyon,France P. Nekkola UniversityofTechnology,Munich,Germany J. Nenonen HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Finland A. Noble MedicalVisionLaboratory,Oxford, UnitedKingdom J. Ohayon Universit'edeSavoie,France M. Orkisz CREATIS,Lyon,France N. Rougon ARTEMIS,InstitutNationaldes T'el'ecommunicationd'Evry,France C. Roux ENSTBretagne,France P. Rubel INSERMU121,Lyon,France F. Sachse UniversityofKarlsruhe,Germany J. Sequeira LIM,Marseille,France G. Sutherland MIC,KatholiekeUniversiteitLeuven,Belgium B. Tilg UniversityofGraz,Austria Y. Usson TIMC,Grenoble,France Y. -M. Zhu CREATIS,Lyon,France TableofContents InvitedSpeaker ModulesinCardiacModeling:Mechanics,Circulation, andDepolarizationWave ...1 T. Arts,P. Bovendeerd,A. vanderToorn,L. Geerts,R. Kerckho?s, F. Prinzen Session1:AnatomicalModeling GeometricalModelingoftheHeartandItsMainVessels ...10 J. -L.Mari,L. Astart,J. Sequeira Reconstructing3DBoundaryElementHeartModels from2DBiplaneFluoroscopy...17 H. Veister..a,J. L..otj..onen IntroducingSpectralEstimationforBoundaryDetection inEchographicRadiofrequencyImages ...24 I. Dydenko,D. Friboulet,I. E. Magnin GeometricalModellingoftheFibreOrganization intheHumanLeftVentricle...