Alexander Borodin – författare

Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2011 in the subject Philosophy - Practical (Ethics, Aesthetics, Culture, Nature, Right, ...), grade: 69, University of Essex (Department of Philosophy), language: English, abstract: The inferences we draw by employing a deontological assessment of morality may be flawed and at times exceedingly categorical, but does this insight in any sense legitimize its devaluation as an essential ethical theory? In what will follow, I intend to stress the levels of moral enquiry on which consequentialism defaults which will lay the argumentative foundation for depicting the merits deontological ethics comprises with this particular regard. Thereby, we should concentrate in particular on contrastive connotations of moral goodness and what the distinct types of goodness entail for our understanding of ethical theory. Considering the fact that by its very nature both theories are imperfect and in some cases even self-undermining it is highly counterproductive and illegitimate to dismiss one of them in favour of the other one. As a consequence, I will argue that deontology which relies on backward-looking justifications works best as a counterbalance to the forward-looking consequentialist approach. The idea is to show that this concept isn't an artificial limitation of consequentialism, but contrarily mirrors the way we intuitively think about morality to a greater extent than consequentialist ethics does. Even more, the following line of argument will expound the practical advantages an application of deontology necessarily possesses, an aspect that was often used to criticize this theory.

Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2012 in the subject Politics - Region: Russia, grade: 78, University of Essex (Department of Government), language: English, abstract: Before forming any assessment regarding the presence of liberal democracy in contemporary Russia it is vital to investigate how conditions that either favour or harm the emergence of liberal democracy are fulfilled on an economic, social and political level. Using Robert Dahl's criteria of an "e;ideal democracy"e; (p. 33, Dahl, 1998) as a theoretical framework will serve us to contextualize Russia's current development to the notion of an ideal democracy. After balancing out the insights we gain throughout our investigation of the underlying features of the Russian system and the principles it relies on, we can then proceed to develop hypotheses with regard to the question of whether Russia is likely to become a liberal democracy in the short and long run. In what will follow, I shall argue that despite the considerable economic growth in its market economy, Russia's highly centralised government with a super-presidency combined with a still largely depoliticized society, which lacks indispensable underpinnings in terms of self-organization and belief in democratic values, imply that a transformation of society is a necessary antecedent to Russia becoming a genuine liberal democracy.

Essay from the year 2012 in the subject Philosophy - Philosophy of the 20th century, grade: 67, University of Essex (Department of Philosophy), language: English, abstract: Isaiah Berlin's fundamental distinction between two separate concepts of freedom , namely positive and negative liberty, is essential for the contrastive, at times even mutually exclusive perspective on freedom offered by him. Whereas negative liberty refers to the area of non-interference an individual theoretically possesses in the moment of his action, liberty in the positive sense highlights the actual presence of control on the part of the agent. On Berlin's account it is liberty in the negative sense that corresponds best with a pluralistic notion of political freedom as it guarantees a minimum of unrestrained space of action for the individual which ideally reflects the natural heterogeneity of human beings. Berlin's concern regarding a fulfilment of positive liberty has to do with the fact that negative liberties could be destroyed as a consequence of the emergence of one prevailing paradigm that everyone is obliged to obey. In what will follow, I shall argue, contrary to Berlin's remark, that an enlargement of positive liberty doesn't necessarily undermine the individual's negative liberties, but can even serve as an essential tool to promote them. However, this argument presupposes that individuals, classes and other human entities don't succumb to blind conformity with a certain paradigm, but rather identify themselves with their own, genuine ends to subsequently put them into effect.

Essay from the year 2012 in the subject Politics - Political Theory and the History of Ideas Journal, grade: 75, University of Essex (Department of Goverment ), language: English, abstract: In many ways Athenian assembly democracy constitutes a genuine as well as extreme model in democratic thought. This has to do on the one hand with its remarkable institutional features and on the other hand with its extensive practices of public participation. In what will follow, we should therefore at first look at the structure and the interrelations of the key organs of the Athenian system as a form of government. Our understanding of the mechanisms of these institutions will serve us as a basis to enquire critically into their actual performance as well as their significance for Athenian democracy as a whole. Investigating the principles behind the institutions such as selection by lot, very short periods of office or reliance on public opinion will then allow us to reflect on their implications for modern discourse on democratic ideas. It is my intention to illustrate how the Athenian system and particularly the broad public deliberation it relied on, exemplifies the necessary criteria which have to be achieved in order to strengthen rather than to undermine democracy. Whereas the Athenian model needs to be limited in some respects, for instance to avoid violations of the rule of law, it has to be furthered in other respects such as the enlightenment of the wide public.

Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2012 in the subject Philosophy - Theoretical (Realisation, Science, Logic, Language), grade: 69, University of Essex (Department of Philosophy), language: English, abstract: Does our notion of knowledge necessitate that it becomes manifest firstly in our thinking and then in our actions or can it on the contrary exist in a latent, hidden way within us and still be considered knowledge? Given the exceeding ambiguity behind the term knowledge we will need in the first place a clear definition of knowledge that should in turn enable us to bring focus to our investigation on the whole. In the course of this work, we will take a look at the main arguments Plato and Leibniz put forward in this regard, particularly focusing on their varying concept of innate knowledge and its relation to experience and our capacity to reason. In what will follow, I shall argue that even if we are able to identify certain instances of pre- existing knowledge or understanding, it will anyway remain inextricably connected to the experiences we make in our environment. Thereby, there must be a coincidence of innate capacities and certain, outer circumstances for knowledge to emerge and become visible. Otherwise, the presence of knowledge isn't at any rate recognizable in the real world, but exists in an inactivated, hidden mode without the respective person even becoming conscious of its existence.

Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2011 in the subject Politics - Political Theory and the History of Ideas Journal, grade: 75, University of Essex (Department of Government), language: English, abstract: If we enquire into the fact that a vibrant civil society is a necessary condition for the formation of a liberal democracy, we will first of all require a clear notion of the key elements that constitute the vibrancy of a civil society. Apart from this initial clarification, one need to disprove that a flourishing civil society can undermine or even prevent the emergence of liberal democracy. Can we really form such a categorical thesis? Above all, a vibrant civil society has to promote developments which one characterizes as fundamentally democratic since otherwise it would be inappropriate to speak of an interrelation between civil society and liberal democracy. In the course of this work, I aim both to illustrate the necessity of a vibrant civil society and to show that there are other indispensable factors which a state has to fulfil in order to become a genuine liberal democracy. Considering the diversity of notions of a civil society, I will mainly focus on the distinction between the three models proposed by Michael Edwards, which are civil society as "e;associational life"e;, as the "e;good society"e; and as the "e;public sphere"e; (Edwards, 2009). At the same time, this clarification serves to contrast the idea of civil society to the more universal term of social capital which comprises social interaction in its totality and is employed to give it a measurable value. So what are the integral parts of a civil society that we could consider favourable to liberal democracy?

Over 200 works of the well-known Edition Eulenburg series of scores from orchestral and choral literature, chamber music and music theatre are now available in digital format. You can now enjoy the yellow study scores digitally with one click in excellent reproduction quality.Über 200 Werke der berühmten Edition Eulenburg Partiturreihe für Orchester- und Chorliteratur, Kammermusik und Musiktheater sind nun auch in einer digitalen Aufbereitung erhältlich. In optisch hervorragender Darstellung kann man die gelben Studienpartituren mit einem Klick jetzt auch digital genießen.

Over 200 works of the well-known Edition Eulenburg series of scores from orchestral and choral literature, chamber music and music theatre are now available in digital format. You can now enjoy the yellow study scores digitally with one click in excellent reproduction quality.Über 200 Werke der berühmten Edition Eulenburg Partiturreihe für Orchester- und Chorliteratur, Kammermusik und Musiktheater sind nun auch in einer digitalen Aufbereitung erhältlich. In optisch hervorragender Darstellung kann man die gelben Studienpartituren mit einem Klick jetzt auch digital genießen.

Over 200 works of the well-known Edition Eulenburg series of scores from orchestral and choral literature, chamber music and music theatre are now available in digital format. You can now enjoy the yellow study scores digitally with one click in excellent reproduction quality.Über 200 Werke der berühmten Edition Eulenburg Partiturreihe für Orchester- und Chorliteratur, Kammermusik und Musiktheater sind nun auch in einer digitalen Aufbereitung erhältlich. In optisch hervorragender Darstellung kann man die gelben Studienpartituren mit einem Klick jetzt auch digital genießen.