Sammelband aus dem Jahr 2023 im Fachbereich Theologie - Sonstiges, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Dieser Sammelband besteht aus drei Hausarbeiten. Die erste Arbeit widmet sich der Untersuchung der Phanomenologie des Selbst im Buddhismus, insbesondere durch eine kritische Analyse der Anatta-Lehre und deren philosophischer Implikationen. Der Fokus liegt auf der Frage nach der Begrundung fur die Negation des Egos innerhalb buddhistischer Schulen und den ethischen Konsequenzen dieser Lehre. Des Weiteren werden Parallelen zwischen der Anatta-Lehre und dem deutschen Idealismus sowie mogliche Auswirkungen auf kollektive Prozesse in buddhistischen Gesellschaften beleuchtet. Die zweite Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Darstellung und Bewertung des Lebens von Siddhartha Gautama, des historischen Buddha, als Thema des Religionsunterrichts. Es soll eine Zusammenstellung von Fakten und Legenden uber Siddhartha Gautama prasentiert werden, gefolgt von einer religionspadagogischen Analyse, die sich auf die Aufnahme seines Lebens im Unterricht sowie die Darstellung in verschiedenen Schulbuchern fokussiert. Die dritte Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung, wie religiose Rituale, insbesondere das der Selbstmumifizierung im Buddhismus, Weltsichten ausdrucken konnen. Sie zielt darauf ab, die Rolle dieses Rituals im Kontext der buddhistischen Weltsicht zu erforschen und die Bedeutung von Ritualen als Ausdruck der Denkweise einer Religion zu beleuchten.

Anthology from the year 2024 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, , language: English, abstract: This anthology consists of three term papers. The first paper primarily endeavours to elaborate upon the basic conception of tragedy as laid out by imminent critics over the ages; to religiously undertake a comprehensive close study of the classic tragedy "e;Romeo and Juliet"e; written by William Shakespeare; compare and contrast the previous works relating the story and Shakespeare s very own interpretation; to critically scrutinize and elucidate upon the theme of love, its nature and quality, which is the deciding factor of the play, with special reference been made to Sonnet no. 116 by William Shakespeare. Sight is a leading theme in "e;Romeo and Juliet"e; and the frequent use of words relating to visual perception is not random or gratuitous. Therefore, the primary object of the second paper is demonstrating that beside the well-debated forces that govern the action, there are others that may have been neglected. Precisely because readers may focus too much on the love story or on other outstanding elements of the play, such as the comic passages which stand in stark contrast with the tragic theme of the play, a considerable amount of intriguing aspects might escape our attention. These are subtle details, which serve a great purpose in the plot development. On many occasions, vision becomes the cause of a series of events in the play. Why did Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet have to die? The third paper is going to explore three different reasons: the (seemingly) inevitable fate of the star-crossed lovers , the danger of immature love and the feud with its consequences for society, family, and coming of age. Ultimately, the paper will try to find out what Shakespeare might have wanted to tell his audience and how his messages are conveyed by recent film adaptations.

Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Pedagogy, Literature Studies, grade: 1,0, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Proseminar: Contact Linguistics, language: English, abstract: There are millions of children around the world who grow up bilingually or even multilingually. They need to know many different languages to be able to communicate with their parents, their teachers, with the people they buy their groceries from, or with officials who might all speak a different language. For those children, for their parents and the society that surrounds those it is more than normal to be multilingual. Over the past decades the topic of bilingualism has become more and more important in the western part of the world too. There are many families who start teaching their children two and more languages but it is also still a subject that is highly debated between scholars from all over the world. People are afraid that teaching two languages to a child might harm his or her development. They do not want to overburden their children or cause any severe damages. Therefore many parents and caretakers still decide for one language which they will teach to their child(ren). This paper is going to analyse some aspects of the question how children become bilinguals and which difficulties might occur along the way while trying to prove that children are very well able to learn two and even more languages from birth. After starting out with a short personal introduction, the terms bilingualism , early bilingualism and late bilingualism are going to be defined. Afterwards types of child language acquisition are explained and two different theses on how children become bilingual are shortly looked at. It is going to be looked at some specialities in child language acquisition and different language characteristics of early bilingual speech are highlighted. In conclusion it is going to be looked at some possibilities to support children in their bilingual development.

Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject American Studies - Literature, grade: 1,7, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Late 20th Century Novels, language: English, abstract: In Toni Morrison's "e;Beloved"e;, it is Sethe, a black woman and a former slave, who tries to find her own identity within herself through stories. She has to go back to the stories of her ancestors and to the memories she has of her life on Sweet Home in order to find out what being free really means. While trying to start a new life she listens to many stories about her past and is confronted with her own stories. In whichever form, told, sung, or danced out in front of her, the stories appear, they mark her, her daughter, and her companion's identity. This paper argues that stories are the marker of one s identity. Stories, that are based upon personal experiences and tellings of others, which enter ones mind and never let go are the stories we live by and those we are to tell since we are all storytellers, and we are the stories we tell . Furthermore our [ ] identities are the stories we live by . After giving some background information to the book the paper is going to define the concepts of story, history, memory and identity, which are relevant for the thesis, afterwards it will be analyzed what impact stories can have on the life of a person and various examples from Beloved will be discussed. It will be tried to explain in which form the stories appear and how the characters deal with their life stories. In conclusion, it will be analyzed how the stories, by which Toni Morrison s characters live, can break the silence.

Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Literature, Works, grade: 2,3, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Hauptseminar: Global Shakespeare, language: English, abstract: "e;And they all lived happily ever after"e; - This might have been the last sentence of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet every other night back in the 18th century. We cannot be sure how theatre companies went about the happy ending of the so "e;[...] called greatest love story ever told"e; (Davies, 2001, p. 397) but scholars state that the plays blending of comedic and tragic elements has sometimes encouraged theatres to let their love couple live (cf. Smith, 2012, p. 158; McAllindon, 1991, p. 60). This raises the question why Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet had to die, which can be answered in several ways. The paper is going to explore three different reasons: the (seemingly) inevitable fate of the star-crossed lovers (Prologue, 6), the danger of immature love and the feud with its consequences for society, family, and coming of age. Ultimately the paper will try to find out what Shakespeare might have wanted to tell his audience and how his messages are conveyed by recent film adaptations. First of all it will be looked at the play s history, the societal environment during its emergence and Shakespeare s religious background which are of utmost importance to interpret the author s ideas. Afterwards all three previously mentioned reasons for the couple s death will be illustrated and analyzed. In conclusion the paper is going to argue that the play is an example of a man-made tragedy which had to end badly in order to open the audience s eyes to the goings-on around them. Finally two film adaptations will be looked at in some detail, mainly concentrating on their endings and their justification for it.

Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Literature, Works, grade: 1,7, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Proseminar: Lost in Literature, language: English, abstract: What happened in Salem, in 1692, is today described as one of the darkest episodes in American history. Still today, historians try to find out what caused the disastrous outbreak of the witch craze but the only thing they can be sure about is that they can not explain why so many people had to die. "e;Accusations of witchcraft were not unusual in the seventeenth-century world [...]"e; What was so special about the time and place that such an outbreak of random accusations became possible? "e;[...] "e;Salem"e; has become an icon in American culture. The trials have become a metaphor for hysterical prosecution, unfounded accusations, and confessions that have no reasonable explanation."e; Believe in witchcraft had existed for hundreds of years before the hysteria broke out in Salem. The colonists who came to Massachusetts had a strong belief in the devil and his agents and were mainly Puritans, who came to America to gain religious freedom. There are many things you could compare between the historical account of the witch hunt and Arthur Miller s play The Crucible. This paper is going to analyse the portrayal of a Puritan society in Miller s play and will try to find out whether the religion of the people and therewith their way of life have caused the rising of the witch scare and the horrible outcome for the characters in the play. It is going to be analysed why normal people start accusing their neighbours and friends for witchcraft although many of them are aware of the consequences for the accused. At first it is going to be described how Arthur Miller informed himself about the happenings of 1692 in order to underline his credibility of being able to create the Puritan society of that time. In the following the terms Puritanism and Puritan will be briefly defined. The main part of the paper will concentrate on the analysis of Puritan traits, beliefs, and lifestyles in The Crucible in order to find out whether they might have played a part in the catastrophe.

Seminar paper from the year 2011 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Pedagogy, Literature Studies, grade: 1,3, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Hauptseminar: English in Contact, language: English, abstract: There are 24 languages which are regularly used by more than 44.8 million South Africans and almost 80 % of the South African population use one of the African languages at home. "e;The most commonly spoken home language is isiZulu, which is spoken by 23.8 % of the population, followed by isiXhosa (17.6 %) and Afrikaans (13.3 %)"e; Although English is the home language of only 8.2 % of the South African population it is still used as a lingua franca throughout the nation. The eleven official languages are used by 99% of the country's population and those languages are all supposed to have equal rights. Belonging to these languages are English and Afrikaans, and nine other African languages: "e;Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, and isiZulu"e;. There are also many other languages spoken in South Africa like for example Arabic, German, Greek, Hindi, Tamil, Hebrew and many more. Some European languages like French, German, and Portuguese are used in South Africa but they are not nearly as influential as English. The historical development of South Africa has brought the question of language forward. The country became aware of its unique language situation and the chances and problems which are connected to it. After Mandela many people developed a greater interest in smaller languages. The paper is going to explore the language vitality of some of the 11 official South African languages, dealing with the problem of language endangerment/death and language reviltalisation. It is going to be seen whether the multilingualism which is propagandized by the government is or can be realised in real life. Due to the lack of valid information for many of the smaller indigenous Afrcian langugeas the paper will mostly look at the situation of Afrikaans and English, only rarely concidering the other languages in much detail.

Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Literature, Works, grade: 1,3, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Proseminar: Identities in Ukrainian-Canadian Literature, language: English, abstract: In Janice Kulyk Keefer's The Green Library, it is Eva Chown, a forty-three year old middle class woman living in Canada, who tries to find her Ukrainian identity within herself through stories. She has to go back to the stories of her ancestors and to a history of a country she barely knows in order to find out what 'being half Ukrainian' means to her and her son, Ben. On her way back "e;[...] into a world of stories [...]"e; (Keefer, 1998, 17) she listens to many of them told by strangers, reads history books, and also "e;makes up"e; her own stories of what might have happened. In whichever form the stories appear, they change her life and mark her identity. But it is not only Eva whose identity is so often influenced by stories. The Green Library presents many characters who define themselves through stories in one way or another. This paper will argue that stories are the marker of one s identity, that they can even help construct it. These stories can be based upon personal experiences or historical events. They can be true for everybody or they can only be true for the person telling them. As Dan P. McAdams, Ruthleen Josselson, and Amia Lieblich put it in their book Identity and Story: Creating Self in Narrative We are all storytellers, and we are the stories we tell. (3) Furthermore our [ ] identities are the stories we live by. (McAdams, Josselson, Lieblich 4)In the beginning of the paper the concepts of story, history, and identity, which are relevant for the theses, are briefly defined. It will be analysed which impact stories can have on the life of a person and various examples from the Green Library will be discussed. Since Eva is the protagonist of the novel the paper will very often be concentrated on her experiences but will also include other character s stories. After that it will be analysed how identities can be constructed through stories with the example of Oksanna Moroz. In the end there will be a description of the value of history in the book and the differences and similarities between story and history will be deconstructed primarily regarding the aspect of truth. In conclusion the concept of a bloodline as one major marker of identity will be discussed.

Sammelband aus dem Jahr 2023 im Fachbereich Theologie - Sonstiges, , Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Dieser Sammelband besteht aus drei Hausarbeiten. Die erste Arbeit widmet sich der Untersuchung der Phanomenologie des Selbst im Buddhismus, insbesondere durch eine kritische Analyse der Anatta-Lehre und deren philosophischer Implikationen. Der Fokus liegt auf der Frage nach der Begrundung fur die Negation des Egos innerhalb buddhistischer Schulen und den ethischen Konsequenzen dieser Lehre. Des Weiteren werden Parallelen zwischen der Anatta-Lehre und dem deutschen Idealismus sowie mogliche Auswirkungen auf kollektive Prozesse in buddhistischen Gesellschaften beleuchtet. Die zweite Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Darstellung und Bewertung des Lebens von Siddhartha Gautama, des historischen Buddha, als Thema des Religionsunterrichts. Es soll eine Zusammenstellung von Fakten und Legenden uber Siddhartha Gautama prasentiert werden, gefolgt von einer religionspadagogischen Analyse, die sich auf die Aufnahme seines Lebens im Unterricht sowie die Darstellung in verschiedenen Schulbuchern fokussiert. Die dritte Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung, wie religiose Rituale, insbesondere das der Selbstmumifizierung im Buddhismus, Weltsichten ausdrucken konnen. Sie zielt darauf ab, die Rolle dieses Rituals im Kontext der buddhistischen Weltsicht zu erforschen und die Bedeutung von Ritualen als Ausdruck der Denkweise einer Religion zu beleuchten.

Anthology from the year 2024 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, , language: English, abstract: This anthology consists of three term papers. The first paper primarily endeavours to elaborate upon the basic conception of tragedy as laid out by imminent critics over the ages; to religiously undertake a comprehensive close study of the classic tragedy "e;Romeo and Juliet"e; written by William Shakespeare; compare and contrast the previous works relating the story and Shakespeare s very own interpretation; to critically scrutinize and elucidate upon the theme of love, its nature and quality, which is the deciding factor of the play, with special reference been made to Sonnet no. 116 by William Shakespeare. Sight is a leading theme in "e;Romeo and Juliet"e; and the frequent use of words relating to visual perception is not random or gratuitous. Therefore, the primary object of the second paper is demonstrating that beside the well-debated forces that govern the action, there are others that may have been neglected. Precisely because readers may focus too much on the love story or on other outstanding elements of the play, such as the comic passages which stand in stark contrast with the tragic theme of the play, a considerable amount of intriguing aspects might escape our attention. These are subtle details, which serve a great purpose in the plot development. On many occasions, vision becomes the cause of a series of events in the play. Why did Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet have to die? The third paper is going to explore three different reasons: the (seemingly) inevitable fate of the star-crossed lovers , the danger of immature love and the feud with its consequences for society, family, and coming of age. Ultimately, the paper will try to find out what Shakespeare might have wanted to tell his audience and how his messages are conveyed by recent film adaptations.

Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Pedagogy, Literature Studies, grade: 1,0, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Proseminar: Contact Linguistics, language: English, abstract: There are millions of children around the world who grow up bilingually or even multilingually. They need to know many different languages to be able to communicate with their parents, their teachers, with the people they buy their groceries from, or with officials who might all speak a different language. For those children, for their parents and the society that surrounds those it is more than normal to be multilingual. Over the past decades the topic of bilingualism has become more and more important in the western part of the world too. There are many families who start teaching their children two and more languages but it is also still a subject that is highly debated between scholars from all over the world. People are afraid that teaching two languages to a child might harm his or her development. They do not want to overburden their children or cause any severe damages. Therefore many parents and caretakers still decide for one language which they will teach to their child(ren). This paper is going to analyse some aspects of the question how children become bilinguals and which difficulties might occur along the way while trying to prove that children are very well able to learn two and even more languages from birth. After starting out with a short personal introduction, the terms bilingualism , early bilingualism and late bilingualism are going to be defined. Afterwards types of child language acquisition are explained and two different theses on how children become bilingual are shortly looked at. It is going to be looked at some specialities in child language acquisition and different language characteristics of early bilingual speech are highlighted. In conclusion it is going to be looked at some possibilities to support children in their bilingual development.

Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject American Studies - Literature, grade: 1,7, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Late 20th Century Novels, language: English, abstract: In Toni Morrison's "e;Beloved"e;, it is Sethe, a black woman and a former slave, who tries to find her own identity within herself through stories. She has to go back to the stories of her ancestors and to the memories she has of her life on Sweet Home in order to find out what being free really means. While trying to start a new life she listens to many stories about her past and is confronted with her own stories. In whichever form, told, sung, or danced out in front of her, the stories appear, they mark her, her daughter, and her companion's identity. This paper argues that stories are the marker of one s identity. Stories, that are based upon personal experiences and tellings of others, which enter ones mind and never let go are the stories we live by and those we are to tell since we are all storytellers, and we are the stories we tell . Furthermore our [ ] identities are the stories we live by . After giving some background information to the book the paper is going to define the concepts of story, history, memory and identity, which are relevant for the thesis, afterwards it will be analyzed what impact stories can have on the life of a person and various examples from Beloved will be discussed. It will be tried to explain in which form the stories appear and how the characters deal with their life stories. In conclusion, it will be analyzed how the stories, by which Toni Morrison s characters live, can break the silence.

Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Literature, Works, grade: 2,3, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Hauptseminar: Global Shakespeare, language: English, abstract: "e;And they all lived happily ever after"e; - This might have been the last sentence of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet every other night back in the 18th century. We cannot be sure how theatre companies went about the happy ending of the so "e;[...] called greatest love story ever told"e; (Davies, 2001, p. 397) but scholars state that the plays blending of comedic and tragic elements has sometimes encouraged theatres to let their love couple live (cf. Smith, 2012, p. 158; McAllindon, 1991, p. 60). This raises the question why Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet had to die, which can be answered in several ways. The paper is going to explore three different reasons: the (seemingly) inevitable fate of the star-crossed lovers (Prologue, 6), the danger of immature love and the feud with its consequences for society, family, and coming of age. Ultimately the paper will try to find out what Shakespeare might have wanted to tell his audience and how his messages are conveyed by recent film adaptations. First of all it will be looked at the play s history, the societal environment during its emergence and Shakespeare s religious background which are of utmost importance to interpret the author s ideas. Afterwards all three previously mentioned reasons for the couple s death will be illustrated and analyzed. In conclusion the paper is going to argue that the play is an example of a man-made tragedy which had to end badly in order to open the audience s eyes to the goings-on around them. Finally two film adaptations will be looked at in some detail, mainly concentrating on their endings and their justification for it.

Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Literature, Works, grade: 1,7, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Proseminar: Lost in Literature, language: English, abstract: What happened in Salem, in 1692, is today described as one of the darkest episodes in American history. Still today, historians try to find out what caused the disastrous outbreak of the witch craze but the only thing they can be sure about is that they can not explain why so many people had to die. "e;Accusations of witchcraft were not unusual in the seventeenth-century world [...]"e; What was so special about the time and place that such an outbreak of random accusations became possible? "e;[...] "e;Salem"e; has become an icon in American culture. The trials have become a metaphor for hysterical prosecution, unfounded accusations, and confessions that have no reasonable explanation."e; Believe in witchcraft had existed for hundreds of years before the hysteria broke out in Salem. The colonists who came to Massachusetts had a strong belief in the devil and his agents and were mainly Puritans, who came to America to gain religious freedom. There are many things you could compare between the historical account of the witch hunt and Arthur Miller s play The Crucible. This paper is going to analyse the portrayal of a Puritan society in Miller s play and will try to find out whether the religion of the people and therewith their way of life have caused the rising of the witch scare and the horrible outcome for the characters in the play. It is going to be analysed why normal people start accusing their neighbours and friends for witchcraft although many of them are aware of the consequences for the accused. At first it is going to be described how Arthur Miller informed himself about the happenings of 1692 in order to underline his credibility of being able to create the Puritan society of that time. In the following the terms Puritanism and Puritan will be briefly defined. The main part of the paper will concentrate on the analysis of Puritan traits, beliefs, and lifestyles in The Crucible in order to find out whether they might have played a part in the catastrophe.

Seminar paper from the year 2011 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Pedagogy, Literature Studies, grade: 1,3, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Hauptseminar: English in Contact, language: English, abstract: There are 24 languages which are regularly used by more than 44.8 million South Africans and almost 80 % of the South African population use one of the African languages at home. "e;The most commonly spoken home language is isiZulu, which is spoken by 23.8 % of the population, followed by isiXhosa (17.6 %) and Afrikaans (13.3 %)"e; Although English is the home language of only 8.2 % of the South African population it is still used as a lingua franca throughout the nation. The eleven official languages are used by 99% of the country's population and those languages are all supposed to have equal rights. Belonging to these languages are English and Afrikaans, and nine other African languages: "e;Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, isiNdebele, isiXhosa, and isiZulu"e;. There are also many other languages spoken in South Africa like for example Arabic, German, Greek, Hindi, Tamil, Hebrew and many more. Some European languages like French, German, and Portuguese are used in South Africa but they are not nearly as influential as English. The historical development of South Africa has brought the question of language forward. The country became aware of its unique language situation and the chances and problems which are connected to it. After Mandela many people developed a greater interest in smaller languages. The paper is going to explore the language vitality of some of the 11 official South African languages, dealing with the problem of language endangerment/death and language reviltalisation. It is going to be seen whether the multilingualism which is propagandized by the government is or can be realised in real life. Due to the lack of valid information for many of the smaller indigenous Afrcian langugeas the paper will mostly look at the situation of Afrikaans and English, only rarely concidering the other languages in much detail.

Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Literature, Works, grade: 1,3, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald (Anglistik/Amerikanistik), course: Proseminar: Identities in Ukrainian-Canadian Literature, language: English, abstract: In Janice Kulyk Keefer's The Green Library, it is Eva Chown, a forty-three year old middle class woman living in Canada, who tries to find her Ukrainian identity within herself through stories. She has to go back to the stories of her ancestors and to a history of a country she barely knows in order to find out what 'being half Ukrainian' means to her and her son, Ben. On her way back "e;[...] into a world of stories [...]"e; (Keefer, 1998, 17) she listens to many of them told by strangers, reads history books, and also "e;makes up"e; her own stories of what might have happened. In whichever form the stories appear, they change her life and mark her identity. But it is not only Eva whose identity is so often influenced by stories. The Green Library presents many characters who define themselves through stories in one way or another. This paper will argue that stories are the marker of one s identity, that they can even help construct it. These stories can be based upon personal experiences or historical events. They can be true for everybody or they can only be true for the person telling them. As Dan P. McAdams, Ruthleen Josselson, and Amia Lieblich put it in their book Identity and Story: Creating Self in Narrative We are all storytellers, and we are the stories we tell. (3) Furthermore our [ ] identities are the stories we live by. (McAdams, Josselson, Lieblich 4)In the beginning of the paper the concepts of story, history, and identity, which are relevant for the theses, are briefly defined. It will be analysed which impact stories can have on the life of a person and various examples from the Green Library will be discussed. Since Eva is the protagonist of the novel the paper will very often be concentrated on her experiences but will also include other character s stories. After that it will be analysed how identities can be constructed through stories with the example of Oksanna Moroz. In the end there will be a description of the value of history in the book and the differences and similarities between story and history will be deconstructed primarily regarding the aspect of truth. In conclusion the concept of a bloodline as one major marker of identity will be discussed.