Antonio L. Zichichi – författare

During August 1980 a group of 85 physicists from 57 laboratories in 21 countries met in Erice for the 18th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented were Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Yugoslavia. The School was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Public Education (MFI) , the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research (MRST) , the Regional Sicilian Government (ERS), and the Weizmann Institute of Science. The programme of the School was mainly devoted to a review of the very low energy corner where we are all working at present, and to a discussion of what the future could be for subnuclear physics before the end of this century. On the theoretical front, the highlight of this Course was the lectures by S. Adler on the non-local U(2) gauge theory. The non­ locality at the colour-level should disappear at the colour-singlet level -- where all particles we know of exist and should the- fore not scare those who do not like the idea of giving up this basic principle of quantum field theory: locality. On the other hand, the great dream of producing the world where we live, starting from the simplest symmetry group U(2), now seems to have a good chance of becoming a reality.

During August 1980 a group of 85 physicists from 57 laboratories in 21 countries met in Erice for the 18th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented were Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Yugoslavia. The School was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Public Education (MFI) , the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research (MRST) , the Regional Sicilian Government (ERS), and the Weizmann Institute of Science. The programme of the School was mainly devoted to a review of the very low energy corner where we are all working at present, and to a discussion of what the future could be for subnuclear physics before the end of this century. On the theoretical front, the highlight of this Course was the lectures by S. Adler on the non-local U(2) gauge theory. The non­ locality at the colour-level should disappear at the colour-singlet level -- where all particles we know of exist and should the- fore not scare those who do not like the idea of giving up this basic principle of quantum field theory: locality. On the other hand, the great dream of producing the world where we live, starting from the simplest symmetry group U(2), now seems to have a good chance of becoming a reality.

From 23 July to 10 August 1977 a group of 125 physicists from 72 laboratories of 20 countries met in Erice to attend the 15th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented at the School were: Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Venezuela. The School was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Public Education (MPI), the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technologi­ cal Research (MRST) , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Regional Sicilian Government (ERS) and the Heizmann Institute of Science. The School was very exciting due to the impressive number of frontier problems which were discussed. Being the 15th year of the School, it was decided to review all outstanding "Whys". At various stages of my work I have enjoyed the collaboration of many friends whose contributions have been extremely important for the School and are highly appreciated. I would like to thank Dr.A. Gabriele, Ms.S. McGarry, Mr. and Mrs. S. Newman, Ms.P. Savalli and Ms.M. Zaini for the general scientific and administrative work. Finally, I would like to thank most warmly all those ~n Erice, Bologna and Geneva who helped me on so many occasions and to whom I feel very much indebted.

In August 1979 a group of 94 physicists from 60 laboratories in 21 countries met in Erice to attend the 17th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented at the School were: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Nor­ way, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Yugoslavia. The School was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Public Education (MPI), the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Techno­ logical Research (MRST) , the Sicilian Regional Government, and the Weizman Institute of Science. In the theoretical sessions, as expected, Sidney Coleman''s (liN) lectures provided a new masterpiece in his Erice series. Andre Martin lectured on the theory of new particles, R.L. Jaffe on the Bag Hodel and Francis E. Low on quark status at low energy. In the more specialized section we were able to reflect on the problem of asymptotic changes in gauge theory, troubles experienced with instantons and finally on the fate of false vacua, thanks to A. Patrascioiu, R. Petronzio, and H. Kleinert. A quite exceptional event this year was the special QCD session wId_ch I leave the reader to enjoy without further introduction.

In August 1979 a group of 94 physicists from 60 laboratories in 21 countries met in Erice to attend the 17th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented at the School were: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Nor­ way, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Yugoslavia. The School was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Public Education (MPI), the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Techno­ logical Research (MRST) , the Sicilian Regional Government, and the Weizman Institute of Science. In the theoretical sessions, as expected, Sidney Coleman's (liN) lectures provided a new masterpiece in his Erice series. Andre Martin lectured on the theory of new particles, R.L. Jaffe on the Bag Hodel and Francis E. Low on quark status at low energy. In the more specialized section we were able to reflect on the problem of asymptotic changes in gauge theory, troubles experienced with instantons and finally on the fate of false vacua, thanks to A. Patrascioiu, R. Petronzio, and H. Kleinert. A quite exceptional event this year was the special QCD session wId_ch I leave the reader to enjoy without further introduction.

During August 1983, a group of 89 physicists from 59 labora­ tories in 23 countries met in Erice for the 21st Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries repre­ sented were Algeria, Australia, Austria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, France, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Yugoslavia. The School was sponsored by the European Physical Society (EPS), the Italian Ministry of Education (MPI), the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research (MRST), the Sicilian Regional Government (ERS), and the Weizmann Institute of Science. The programme of the School was mainly devoted to a review of the most significant results, both in theory and experiment, obtained in the field of the "electroweak" and of the "colour" forces of nature. The outcome of the Course was to present a clear picture of how far we are from the electronuclear formulation of these basic forces acting between quarks and leptons. And more generally, how far we are from the unification of all gauge forces of nature.

During August 1983, a group of 89 physicists from 59 labora­ tories in 23 countries met in Erice for the 21st Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries repre­ sented were Algeria, Australia, Austria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, France, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Yugoslavia. The School was sponsored by the European Physical Society (EPS), the Italian Ministry of Education (MPI), the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research (MRST), the Sicilian Regional Government (ERS), and the Weizmann Institute of Science. The programme of the School was mainly devoted to a review of the most significant results, both in theory and experiment, obtained in the field of the "electroweak" and of the "colour" forces of nature. The outcome of the Course was to present a clear picture of how far we are from the electronuclear formulation of these basic forces acting between quarks and leptons. And more generally, how far we are from the unification of all gauge forces of nature.

In August 1982 a group of 104 physicists from 70 laboratories of 31 countries met in Erice to attend the 20th Course of the Inter­ national School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented at the School were: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Czechoslovakia, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Morocco, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Yugoslavia, and Zimbabwe. The School was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Public Education (MPI), the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Techno-­ logical Research (MRSI), the Sicilian Regional Government, and the Weizmann Institute of Science. This year, on the occasion of the 60th birthday of Chen Ning Yang, the "Ettore Majorana" Centre decided to pay tribute to the outstanding scientific achievements of one of the most prominent scientists of our time, by dedicating the 20th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics to a review of the pre­ sent status of one of the fields of physics where Chen Ning Yang has contributed most profoundly: gauge interactions. The theo­ retical foundations and the most recent developments were presented by Chen Ning Yang. The most general consequences of a gauge inter­ action -- supersymmetry -- with its theoretical aspects and the experimental implications were discussed by Sergio Ferrara and Demetrios Nanopoulos.