The research papers in this text were presented as part of the Fourth International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements. The purpose of the conference was to present late-20th century knowledge of the sources, pathways, behaviour and effects of trace elements in soils, waters, plants and animals. The book is intended for a variety of readers, including public health and environmental professionals, industrial hygienists, consultants, waste management professionals, and academics. It may also prove valuable to scientists conducting research on coal and coal combustion byproducts.

The accumulation of large amounts of ash from fossil fuel combustion for electric power plant generation is becoming a major environmental concern in the United States. Furthermore, stringent environmental regulations mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency through the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as well as state and local environmental regulations may result in even more ash production with subsequent contact with the environment. The concentrations of trace elements in coal residues are extremely variable and depend on the composition of the original coal, conditions during combustion, the efficiency of emission control devices, storage and handling ofbyproducts, and climate. The research papers in this book were presented as a part of the Sixth International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements held at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, from July 29-August 2, 2001. The purpose of this corit'erence was to present current knowledge on the source, pathways, behavior and effects of trace elements in soils, waters, plants and animals. In addition, the book also includes invited research papers from scientists who have done significant research in the area of coal and coal combustion byproducts. All the research papers presented herein have been subjected to peer review.

Coal Combustion Byproducts and Environmental Issues addresses the major implications and critical issues surrounding coal combustion products and their impact upon the environment. It provides essential information for scientists conducting research on coal and coal combustion products, but also serves as a valuable reference for a wide variety of researchers and other professionals in the energy industry and in the fields of public health, engineering, and environmental sciences. The ultimate goal of this volume is to benefit both our economy and our environment as humanity enters the second half of the fossil fuel era.

Coal Combustion Byproducts and Environmental Issues addresses the major implications and critical issues surrounding coal combustion products and their impact upon the environment. It provides essential information for scientists conducting research on coal and coal combustion products, but also serves as a valuable reference for a wide variety of researchers and other professionals in the energy industry and in the fields of public health, engineering, and environmental sciences. The ultimate goal of this volume is to benefit both our economy and our environment as humanity enters the second half of the fossil fuel era.

The accumulation of large amounts of ash from fossil fuel combustion for electric power plant generation is becoming a major environmental concern in the United States. Furthermore, stringent environmental regulations mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency through the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as well as state and local environmental regulations may result in even more ash production with subsequent contact with the environment. The concentrations of trace elements in coal residues are extremely variable and depend on the composition of the original coal, conditions during combustion, the efficiency of emission control devices, storage and handling ofbyproducts, and climate. The research papers in this book were presented as a part of the Sixth International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements held at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, from July 29-August 2, 2001. The purpose of this corit'erence was to present current knowledge on the source, pathways, behavior and effects of trace elements in soils, waters, plants and animals. In addition, the book also includes invited research papers from scientists who have done significant research in the area of coal and coal combustion byproducts. All the research papers presented herein have been subjected to peer review.

The accumulation of large amounts of ash from fossil fuel combustion for electric power generation is becoming a major environmental concern in the United States. Fur­ thermore, stringent environmental requirements mandated by the Environmental Pro­ tection Agency including the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act as well as state and local environmental regulations may result in even more ash production with subsequent contact with the environment. The concentrations of trace elements in coal residues are extremely variable and depend on the composition of the original coal, conditions during combustion, the efficiency of emission control devices, storage and handling of by-products, and climate. The research papers in this book were presented as a part of the Fourth Interna­ tional Conferenceon theBiogeochemistryofTrace Elements heldat Clark-KerrCampus, University of California at Berkeley, California during June 1997. The purpose of the conference was to present current knowledge on the sources, pathways, behavior and effects of trace elements in soils, waters, plants and animals. In addition, the book also includes invited research papers from scientists who have done significant research work in the area of coal and coal combustion byproducts. All the research paper presented herein have been subjected to peer review.

The accumulation of large amounts of ash from fossil fuel combustion for electric power generation is becoming a major environmental concern in the United States. Fur­ thermore, stringent environmental requirements mandated by the Environmental Pro­ tection Agency including the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act as well as state and local environmental regulations may result in even more ash production with subsequent contact with the environment. The concentrations of trace elements in coal residues are extremely variable and depend on the composition of the original coal, conditions during combustion, the efficiency of emission control devices, storage and handling of by-products, and climate. The research papers in this book were presented as a part of the Fourth Interna­ tional Conferenceon theBiogeochemistryofTrace Elements heldat Clark-KerrCampus, University of California at Berkeley, California during June 1997. The purpose of the conference was to present current knowledge on the sources, pathways, behavior and effects of trace elements in soils, waters, plants and animals. In addition, the book also includes invited research papers from scientists who have done significant research work in the area of coal and coal combustion byproducts. All the research paper presented herein have been subjected to peer review.

The research papers in this text were presented as part of the Fourth International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements. The purpose of the conference was to present late-20th century knowledge of the sources, pathways, behaviour and effects of trace elements in soils, waters, plants and animals. The book is intended for a variety of readers, including public health and environmental professionals, industrial hygienists, consultants, waste management professionals, and academics. It may also prove valuable to scientists conducting research on coal and coal combustion byproducts.

The accumulation of large amounts of ash from fossil fuel combustion for electric power plant generation is becoming a major environmental concern in the United States. Furthermore, stringent environmental regulations mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency through the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as well as state and local environmental regulations may result in even more ash production with subsequent contact with the environment. The concentrations of trace elements in coal residues are extremely variable and depend on the composition of the original coal, conditions during combustion, the efficiency of emission control devices, storage and handling ofbyproducts, and climate. The research papers in this book were presented as a part of the Sixth International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements held at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, from July 29-August 2, 2001. The purpose of this corit'erence was to present current knowledge on the source, pathways, behavior and effects of trace elements in soils, waters, plants and animals. In addition, the book also includes invited research papers from scientists who have done significant research in the area of coal and coal combustion byproducts. All the research papers presented herein have been subjected to peer review.

Coal Combustion Byproducts and Environmental Issues addresses the major implications and critical issues surrounding coal combustion products and their impact upon the environment. It provides essential information for scientists conducting research on coal and coal combustion products, but also serves as a valuable reference for a wide variety of researchers and other professionals in the energy industry and in the fields of public health, engineering, and environmental sciences. The ultimate goal of this volume is to benefit both our economy and our environment as humanity enters the second half of the fossil fuel era.

Coal Combustion Byproducts and Environmental Issues addresses the major implications and critical issues surrounding coal combustion products and their impact upon the environment. It provides essential information for scientists conducting research on coal and coal combustion products, but also serves as a valuable reference for a wide variety of researchers and other professionals in the energy industry and in the fields of public health, engineering, and environmental sciences. The ultimate goal of this volume is to benefit both our economy and our environment as humanity enters the second half of the fossil fuel era.

The accumulation of large amounts of ash from fossil fuel combustion for electric power plant generation is becoming a major environmental concern in the United States. Furthermore, stringent environmental regulations mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency through the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, as well as state and local environmental regulations may result in even more ash production with subsequent contact with the environment. The concentrations of trace elements in coal residues are extremely variable and depend on the composition of the original coal, conditions during combustion, the efficiency of emission control devices, storage and handling ofbyproducts, and climate. The research papers in this book were presented as a part of the Sixth International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements held at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, from July 29-August 2, 2001. The purpose of this corit'erence was to present current knowledge on the source, pathways, behavior and effects of trace elements in soils, waters, plants and animals. In addition, the book also includes invited research papers from scientists who have done significant research in the area of coal and coal combustion byproducts. All the research papers presented herein have been subjected to peer review.

The accumulation of large amounts of ash from fossil fuel combustion for electric power generation is becoming a major environmental concern in the United States. Fur­ thermore, stringent environmental requirements mandated by the Environmental Pro­ tection Agency including the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act as well as state and local environmental regulations may result in even more ash production with subsequent contact with the environment. The concentrations of trace elements in coal residues are extremely variable and depend on the composition of the original coal, conditions during combustion, the efficiency of emission control devices, storage and handling of by-products, and climate. The research papers in this book were presented as a part of the Fourth Interna­ tional Conferenceon theBiogeochemistryofTrace Elements heldat Clark-KerrCampus, University of California at Berkeley, California during June 1997. The purpose of the conference was to present current knowledge on the sources, pathways, behavior and effects of trace elements in soils, waters, plants and animals. In addition, the book also includes invited research papers from scientists who have done significant research work in the area of coal and coal combustion byproducts. All the research paper presented herein have been subjected to peer review.

The accumulation of large amounts of ash from fossil fuel combustion for electric power generation is becoming a major environmental concern in the United States. Fur­ thermore, stringent environmental requirements mandated by the Environmental Pro­ tection Agency including the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act as well as state and local environmental regulations may result in even more ash production with subsequent contact with the environment. The concentrations of trace elements in coal residues are extremely variable and depend on the composition of the original coal, conditions during combustion, the efficiency of emission control devices, storage and handling of by-products, and climate. The research papers in this book were presented as a part of the Fourth Interna­ tional Conferenceon theBiogeochemistryofTrace Elements heldat Clark-KerrCampus, University of California at Berkeley, California during June 1997. The purpose of the conference was to present current knowledge on the sources, pathways, behavior and effects of trace elements in soils, waters, plants and animals. In addition, the book also includes invited research papers from scientists who have done significant research work in the area of coal and coal combustion byproducts. All the research paper presented herein have been subjected to peer review.