C. McGreavy - Böcker

Integrated circuits are finding wider applications through a range of industries: as well as computers, they now play an important role in automobiles, manufacturing machinery and scientific instruments. This has been possible because of the greater variety of integrated circuits that are being put on even smaller chips with an increasing level of integration. This introduction presents the design principles for devices, describes the overall VLSI process, and goes on to deal with the essential manufacturing technologies and inspection procedures. Particular attention is given to achieving the high quality needed for reliable products. The final chapter is devoted to highlighting the range of unresolved problems in VLSI processing as the scale of integration grows, and providing pointers towards possible solutions.

This book provides a definitive source of information on the chemical reaction engineering aspects of polymer production processes. Recent reviews in the USA by the Chemical Society and the Institute of Chemical Engineers have concluded that polymers will continue to grow in importance as they are tailored to suit specific applications. This book focuses on engineering aspects of reactor design and operation and, in particular, how the properties of polymers are determined by the relationships between chemical kinetics and mechanical design. This book should be of interest to chemical engineers who need to understand reaction engineering concepts and techniques for polymer systems as well as advanced students of polymer science and engineering, materials science and chemistry.

Approximately half of the world production of the petrochemical industry (more than 100 million tonnes) is in the form of polymers, yet it would probably surprise most people to learn how much their lifestyle depends on polymers ranging, as they do, from detergents, kitchenware and electrical appliances to furnishings and a myriad other domestic goods. Still less are they likely to be aware of the extensive part they play in engineering applications for mechanical machine components and advanced high performance aircraft. This versatility derives from the fact that polymeric materials are made up of a range of molecules of varying length, whose properties are related to molecular structure and the proportions of the chains in the mixture. For example, polypropylene is a commodity polymer which is produced in hun­ dreds of different grades to meet specific market requirements. This depends on the catalyst as well as the operating conditions and reactor design. A major area for growth is in substituting polymers for conventional materials such as ceramics and metals. Not only can they match these materials in terms of mechanical strength and robustness but they have very good resistance to chemical attack. Polyamides, for example, are widely used for car bumpers and new polymers are being developed for engine manifolds and covers. In 1993 there is, typically, 100 kg of various polymers used in cars and this is continually increasing, giving a net weight reduction and hence better fuel economy.