Christian Rehtanz - Böcker

Autonomous systems are one of the most important trends for the next generation of control systems. This book is the first to transfer autonomous systems concepts and intelligent agents theory into the control and operation environment of power systems. The focus of this book is to design a future control system architecture for electrical power systems, which copes with the changed requirements concerning complexity and flexibility and includes several applications for power systems. This book draws the whole circle from the theoretical and IT-concept of autonomous systems for power system control over the required knowledge-based methods and their capabilities to concrete applications within this field.

The electric power industry is undergoing the most profound technical, economic and organisational changes since its inception some one hundred years ago. This paradigm change is the result of the liberalisation process, stipulated by politics andfollowedupbyindustry. Formanyyearstheelectricpowerindustrywasch- acterized by a vertically integrated structure, consisting of power generation, transmission/distributionandtrading. Theliberalisationprocesshasresultedinthe unbundlingofthisorganizationalstructure. Nowgenerationandtradingareorg- ised in separate business entities, subject to competition, while the transm- sion/distribution business remains a natural monopoly. Since the trading of el- tric energy happens on two levels, the physical level and the contractual level, it has to be recognized that these two levels are completely different. However for understanding the electricity market as a network based industry both levels have to be considered and understood. The fundamental properties of electric energy areasfollows: * Electricityalwaysneedsanetworkfortransportationanddistribution.* Electricitycannot be storedin asubstantialamount, hence production andc- sumptionhavetobematchedateachinstantoftime. * The physical transport of electricity has nothing to do with the contracts for tradingwithelectricity The role of the electric network is of prime importance within the electric energy business. Its operation is governed by physical laws. The electric network has a fixed structure consisting of different voltage levels; the higher levels are for transmission purposeswhereasthe lower levelsareused for the distributiontasks. Eachnetworkelementhasafinitecapacity,limitingtheamountofelectricitytobe transported or distributed. As a consequence of the liberalisation process the - eration of the networks has beenpushedcloser towardsitstechnicallimits. Hence thestressonthesystemisconsiderablybiggerthaninthepast. Theefficientuseof all network elements is of prime interest to the network operator because the cost constraints have also become much tighter than in the past.

Autonomous systems are one of the most important trends for the next generation of control systems. This book is the first to transfer autonomous systems concepts and intelligent agents theory into the control and operation environment of power systems. The focus of this book is to design a future control system architecture for electrical power systems, which copes with the changed requirements concerning complexity and flexibility and includes several applications for power systems. This book draws the whole circle from the theoretical and IT-concept of autonomous systems for power system control over the required knowledge-based methods and their capabilities to concrete applications within this field.

An important aim behind the restructuring of Germany’s and Europe’s electricity systems is to reduce the environmental burden, especially with respect to greenhouse gas emissions, of the current systems.

The extended and revised second edition of this successful monograph presents advanced modeling, analysis and control techniques of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). The book covers comprehensively a range of power-system control problems: from steady-state voltage and power flow control, to voltage and reactive power control, to voltage stability control, to small signal stability control using FACTS controllers.In the six years since the first edition of the book has been published research on the FACTS has continued to flourish while renewable energy has developed into a mature and booming global green business. The second edition reflects the new developments in converter configuration, smart grid technologies, super power grid developments worldwide, new approaches for FACTS control design, new controllers for distribution system control, and power electronic controllers in wind generation operation and control. The latest trends of VSC-HVDC with multilevel architecture have been included and four completely new chapters have been added devoted to Multi-Agent Systems for Coordinated Control of FACTS-devices, Power System Stability Control using FACTS with Multiple Operating Points, Control of a Looping Device in a Distribution System, and  Power Electronic Control for Wind Generation.

An important aim behind the restructuring of Germany’s and Europe’s electricity systems is to reduce the environmental burden, especially with respect to greenhouse gas emissions, of the current systems. Emissions must be brought down to a level that is sustainable in the long run and consistent with greenhouse gas emission reduction goals. Meeting these goals will require a system (as best as current knowledge suggests) that will be able to cope simultaneously with the fundamental demands for economic efficiency, environmental sustainability and supply security. Making use of existing scenarios, this study sketches such a system. It focuses in particular on auxiliary systems such as energy storage methods and network extensions. The study introduces technologies that can balance electricity in energy systems and that can serve as enabling technologies for the integration of large quantities of renewable energies in the power supply system. It begins with a discussion of normativeaims for the future electricity system before continuing with a description of current policies and political developments and an overview of relevant existing energy system studies. These sections serve as background for the remainder of the study. They are followed by discussion and analysis of the growing demand for means to balance the fluctuations found in electricity generated in power systems with a high penetration of renewable energies, the potentials of diverse technologies, requirements for electrical networks, economic impacts and important legal issues. Finally, the main challenges to the achievement of developing balancing technologies and processes for renewable electricity-dominant systems are summarised and recommendations made.

The extended and revised second edition of this successful monograph presents advanced modeling, analysis and control techniques of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). The book covers comprehensively a range of power-system control problems: from steady-state voltage and power flow control, to voltage and reactive power control, to voltage stability control, to small signal stability control using FACTS controllers.In the six years since the first edition of the book has been published research on the FACTS has continued to flourish while renewable energy has developed into a mature and booming global green business. The second edition reflects the new developments in converter configuration, smart grid technologies, super power grid developments worldwide, new approaches for FACTS control design, new controllers for distribution system control, and power electronic controllers in wind generation operation and control. The latest trends of VSC-HVDC with multilevel architecture have been included and four completely new chapters have been added devoted to Multi-Agent Systems for Coordinated Control of FACTS-devices, Power System Stability Control using FACTS with Multiple Operating Points, Control of a Looping Device in a Distribution System, and  Power Electronic Control for Wind Generation.

The interstate integration of power grids provides multiple advantages concerning operation security, integration of renewable energy as well as energy trading. Due to these facts grid interconnections, such as ENTSO-E in Continental Europe, expand continually since its establishment. Due to the increasing scale and distance of interconnected power systems as well as an increasing number of countries involved with increasing complexity of operation, comprehensive R&D and innovations are urgently required to assure reliable and efficient operation of power systems.In this book new tools and methods are presented for monitoring, control and protection of large scale power systems. These tools and methods consider Smart Grid technologies based on wide area data exchange in combination with modern measurement devices, such as PMUs and advanced network controllers such as FACTS and HVDC systems. Within this topic the impact and reliability of different communication technologies play a key role. The material of this book is based on final results from the international research project ICOEUR “Intelligent Coordination of Operation and Emergency Control of EU and Russian Power Grids”, supported by the European Commission and the Russian Federal Agency of Science and Innovation. This book provides a great value for professional power system engineers as well as for students interested in topics related to large scale power system monitoring, control, protection and operation.

This book reports on the latest findings in the application ofthe wide area measurement systems (WAMS) in the analysis and control of powersystems. The book collects new research ideas and achievements including adelay-dependent robust design method, a wide area robust coordination strategy,a hybrid assessment and choice method for wide area signals, a free-weightingmatrices method and its application, as well as the online identificationmethods for low-frequency oscillations. The main original research results ofthis book are a comprehensive summary of the authors’ latest six-year study.The book will be of interest to academic researchers, R&D engineers andgraduate students in power systems who wish to learn the core principles,methods, algorithms, and applications of the WAMS.

The interstate integration of power grids provides multiple advantages concerning operation security, integration of renewable energy as well as energy trading. Due to these facts grid interconnections, such as ENTSO-E in Continental Europe, expand continually since its establishment. Due to the increasing scale and distance of interconnected power systems as well as an increasing number of countries involved with increasing complexity of operation, comprehensive R&D and innovations are urgently required to assure reliable and efficient operation of power systems.In this book new tools and methods are presented for monitoring, control and protection of large scale power systems. These tools and methods consider Smart Grid technologies based on wide area data exchange in combination with modern measurement devices, such as PMUs and advanced network controllers such as FACTS and HVDC systems. Within this topic the impact and reliability of different communication technologies play a key role. The material of this book is based on final results from the international research project ICOEUR “Intelligent Coordination of Operation and Emergency Control of EU and Russian Power Grids”, supported by the European Commission and the Russian Federal Agency of Science and Innovation. This book provides a great value for professional power system engineers as well as for students interested in topics related to large scale power system monitoring, control, protection and operation.

The book collects new research ideas and achievements including adelay-dependent robust design method, a wide area robust coordination strategy,a hybrid assessment and choice method for wide area signals, a free-weightingmatrices method and its application, as well as the online identificationmethods for low-frequency oscillations.

This book discusses recent advances in cyber-physical power systems (CPPS) in the modeling, analysis and applications of smart grid. It introduces a series of models, such as an analysis of interaction between the power grid and the communication network, differential protection in smart distribution systems, data flow for VLAN-based communication in substations, a co-simulation model for investigating the impacts of cyber-contingency and distributed control systems as well as the analytical techniques used in different parts of cyber physical energy systems. It also discusses methods of cyber-attack on power systems, particularly false data injection. The results presented are a comprehensive summary of the authors’ original research conducted over a period of 5 years. The book is of interest to university researchers, R&D engineers and graduate students in power and energy systems.