Daniel Reynolds – författare

Global Byzantium is, in part, a recasting and expansion of the old ‘Byzantium and its neighbours’ theme with, however, a methodological twist away from the resolutely political and toward the cultural and economic. A second thing that Global Byzantium – as a concept – explicitly endorses is comparative methodology. Global Byzantium needs also to address three further issues: cultural capital, the importance of the local, and the empire’s strategic geographical location. Cultural capital: in past decades it was fashionable to define Byzantium as culturally superior to western Christian Europe, and Byzantine influence was a key concept, especially in art historical circles. This concept has been increasingly criticised, and what we now see emerging is a comparative methodology that relies on the concept of ‘competitive sharing’, not blind copying but rather competitive appropriation. The importance of the local is equally critical. We need to talk more about what the Byzantines saw when they ‘looked out’, and what others saw in Byzantium when they ‘looked in’ and to think about how that impacted on our, very post-modern, concepts of globalism. Finally, we need to think about the empire’s strategic geographical position: between the fourth and the thirteenth centuries, if anyone was travelling internationally, they had to travel across (or along the coasts of) the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium was thus a crucial intermediary, for good or for ill, between Europe, Africa, and Asia – effectively, the glue that held the Christian world together, and it was also a critical transit point between the various Islamic polities and the Christian world.

Global Byzantium is, in part, a recasting and expansion of the old ‘Byzantium and its neighbours’ theme with, however, a methodological twist away from the resolutely political and toward the cultural and economic. A second thing that Global Byzantium – as a concept – explicitly endorses is comparative methodology. Global Byzantium needs also to address three further issues: cultural capital, the importance of the local, and the empire’s strategic geographical location. Cultural capital: in past decades it was fashionable to define Byzantium as culturally superior to western Christian Europe, and Byzantine influence was a key concept, especially in art historical circles. This concept has been increasingly criticised, and what we now see emerging is a comparative methodology that relies on the concept of ‘competitive sharing’, not blind copying but rather competitive appropriation. The importance of the local is equally critical. We need to talk more about what the Byzantines saw when they ‘looked out’, and what others saw in Byzantium when they ‘looked in’ and to think about how that impacted on our, very post-modern, concepts of globalism. Finally, we need to think about the empire’s strategic geographical position: between the fourth and the thirteenth centuries, if anyone was travelling internationally, they had to travel across (or along the coasts of) the Byzantine Empire. Byzantium was thus a crucial intermediary, for good or for ill, between Europe, Africa, and Asia – effectively, the glue that held the Christian world together, and it was also a critical transit point between the various Islamic polities and the Christian world.

Ikonoklasm, eller bildstormande, är en del av vår historia: från förstörelsen av religiösa bilder under den tidiga kristendomen till dagens nedrivning av statyer på sydstatsgeneraler och slavhandlare. Bilder, byggnader och föremål som strider mot religiös eller ideologisk övertygelse måste förstöras. De som utför rensningen, ikonoklasterna, är övertygade om att de utför en reningsaktion. Det förflutna välts över ända i en önskan att börja om från början. 

De olika bidragen till antologin Ikonoklasm förkastandet av det förflutna visar med all önskvärd tydlighet konsekvenserna. Inte bara ovärderliga kulturskatter utan också människoliv går förlorade när fanatismen får fritt spelrum. Vi ser det när Islamiska staten slår sönder flera tusen år gamla museiföremål, när Maos rödgardister bränner böcker och förföljer oliktänkande under den kinesiska kulturrevolutionen eller när ryska bolsjeviker spränger kyrkor och skändar ikoner.  Exemplen på de destruktiva krafternas skadegörelse genom seklen kan mångfaldigas. Att ikonoklasmens stridsrop ljuder så starkt i vår tid visar på dess fortsatta lockelse. Ikonoklasm förkastandet av det förflutna är en varningsklocka, ett larm för hotet mot det demokratiska samhällets tolerans och öppenhet. 

Ikonoklasm, eller bildstormande, är en del av vår historia: från förstörelsen av religiösa bilder under den tidiga kristendomen till dagens nedrivning av statyer på sydstatsgeneraler och slavhandlare. Bilder, byggnader och föremål som strider mot religiös eller ideologisk övertygelse måste förstöras. De som utför rensningen, ikonoklasterna, är övertygade om att de utför en reningsaktion. Det förflutna välts över ända i en önskan att börja om från början. 

De olika bidragen till antologin Ikonoklasm: förkastandet av det förflutna visar med all önskvärd tydlighet konsekvenserna. Inte bara ovärderliga kulturskatter utan också människoliv går förlorade när fanatismen får fritt spelrum. Vi ser det när Islamiska staten slår sönder flera tusen år gamla museiföremål, när Maos rödgardister bränner böcker och förföljer oliktänkande under den kinesiska kulturrevolutionen eller när ryska bolsjeviker spränger kyrkor och skändar ikoner.  Exemplen på de destruktiva krafternas skadegörelse genom seklen kan mångfaldigas. Att ikonoklasmens stridsrop ljuder så starkt i vår tid visar på dess fortsatta lockelse. Ikonoklasm är en varningsklocka, ett larm för hotet mot det demokratiska samhällets tolerans och öppenhet. 

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