Edouard Kurstak – författare

Viral Vaccines Joseph L. Melnick As with history in general, the history of vaccines needs to be reexamined and updated. My task is to look back to see what has been successful and to look forward to see what remains to be accomplished in the prevention of viral diseases by vaccines. Also, I shall refer to the pertinent material discussed at two recent conferences of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, on virus vaccines under development and their target populations in the United States (1985b) and in developing countries (1986). These reports, plus a third on Vaccine Supply and Innovation (1985a), should be required reading for all those in both the public and the private sector who have a responsibility or interest in vaccines for the prevention of human disease. It has been through the development and use of vaccines that many viral diseases have been brought under control. The vaccines consist either of infectious living attenu­ ated viruses or of noninfectious killed viruses or subviral antigens. When we look at the record, it is the live vaccines that have given the great successes in controlling diseases around the world. Examples are smallpox, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, and rubella.

Virus Variability and Impact on Epidemiology and Control of Diseases E. Kurstak and A. Hossain I. INTRODUCTION An important number of virus infections and their epidemic developments demonstrate that ineffec­ tiveness of prevention measures is often due to the mutation rate and variability of viruses (Kurstak et al., 1984, 1987). The new human immunodeficiency retroviruses and old influenza viruses are only one among several examples of virus variation that prevent, or make very difficult. the production of reliable vaccines. It could be stated that the most important factor limiting the effectiveness of vaccines against virus infections is apparently virus variation. Not much is, how­ ever, known about the factors influencing and responsible for the dramatically diverse patterns of virus variability. II. MUTATION RATE AND VARIABILITY OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL VIRUSES Mutation is undoubtedly the primary source of variation, and several reports in the literature suggest that extreme variability of some viruses may be a consequence of an unusually high mutation rate (Holland et al., 1982; Domingo et al., 1985; Smith and Inglis, 1987). The mutation rate of a virus is defined as the probability that during a single replication of the virus genome a particular nucleotide position is altered through substitution, deletion, insertion. or recombination. Different techniques have been utilized to measure virus mutation rates, and these have been noted in the extent of application to different viruses.

Volume 3 is devoted to the latest diagnostic technology for virus diseases, particularly molecular methodologies.

The recent developments in modern vaccinology are mainly based on: (i) cloning of microbial genes into recombinant vectors containing genetic information for expression of desired neutralizing immunogens; (ii) alternatives of attenuated vectors with deleted genes permitting the insertion of several foreign genes expressing antigens exposed to the host immune system during the abortive replication of such vectors; (iii) combined vaccines with the aim to protect against many diseases with a limited number of administrations; (iv) evidence demonstrating the ability of animals to respond serologically to DNA injections considered as a potential method of vaccination; (v) the possibility to manipulate the immune system with new and improved immunomodulators enhancing the immune response; and (vi) new microcarrier systems for particular immunogens or immunomodulators delivery, either in a single dose or sustained release, and presentation to the immune system for a relevant response. New vaccines being developed are mainly based on viral, bacterial or other vectors modified with genetic engineering technology, to possess and express desired antigens for vaccination against single or multiple infections. Existing combined vaccines like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTP) are also experimented with new additional components like recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen, inactivated poliovirus, and Haemophilus inJluenzae type b immunogens, in order to produce multivalent vaccines. Such types of vaccines permitting the reduction of multiple medical visits is of particular interest to pediatric immuni­ zation programs, and would benefit especially the developing countries assuring better vaccine compliance with immunization schedules.

Viruses, Evolution and Cancer: Basic Considerations focuses on comparative biology and evolutionary aspects of DNA and RNA oncogenic viruses. Organized into seven parts, this book begins with a discussion on the host-cell-virus relationships. Some chapters follow that discuss the comparative aspects of DNA and RNA oncogenic viruses. This work also elucidates the effects of oncogenic viruses on cell surface metabolism. Other chapters explore the comparative viral oncology, comparative immunology of oncogenic viruses, and evolution of viruses. This book will be an invaluable material both to those concerned in the scientific and medical problems of cancer and will benefit all who are interested in virology and oncology.

Comparative Diagnosis of Viral Diseases

Viruses and Environment contains the proceedings of the Third International Conference on Comparative Virology, held at Mont Gabriel, Quebec, Canada on May 1977. The primary focus of the conference is the ecology of viruses, that is, the interrelationships between organisms and their environment. Organized into seven parts with a total of 33 chapters, this book centers on the impact of viruses on the environment; the persistent virus infections of man, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and plants; and the smallest disease agents, the viroids. In particular, this book describes the reservoirs of viruses, such as arthropod vectors, water, cultivated plants, and wild animals; safety considerations concerning the use of live virus vaccines; and the viral insecticides. The use of bacterial viruses in genetic engineering is also addressed. This treatise will be valuable to research workers in medical and biomedical fields; biological control; and animal and plant quarantine. It will also benefit the university teachers and graduate students.

Invertebrate Tissue Culture: Applications in Medicine, Biology, and Agriculture comprises the proceedings of the IV International Conference on Invertebrate Tissue Culture, held on June 5-8, 1975 at Mont Gabriel, Quebec, Canada. The conference focuses on invertebrate organ, tissue, and cell culture, as well as cell culture limitations, pitfalls, and applications in medicine, biology, agriculture, neurophysiology, and studies of morphogenesis, differentiation, viruses, symbionts, and parasites. This reference material specifically provides information on sophisticated laboratory methods and on numerous utilizations of invertebrate cell culture techniques in medicine and biology. This book also elucidates the nutritional requirements and the establishment of cell lines. The study of viruses and protozoa of agricultural and forest importance is also shown. This book will be useful and stimulating to the readers and will provide in a single volume the results obtained in the diverse areas of research pursued by the leading exponents of invertebrate tissue culture from America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.

Arctic and Tropical Arboviruses contains the proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Arctic Arboviruses held at Mont Gabriel, Canada on May 26-28, 1977. This book contains a total of 20 chapters; a few of these chapters describe the diseases with arbovirus as a possible etiological agent, such as in the case of nephropatia epidemica, rapid diagnostic techniques for the detection of arboviruses, and in vitro culture methods for arboviruses using arthropod cells. Several other chapters are devoted to the investigations on arboviruses in the northern regions and on their vectors, mosquitoes, and ticks, as well as to the detection in the north of arboviruses originally isolated inthe south. Such bipolar distribution of arboviruses could be the result of the transport of arbovirus-infected ticks by migratory birds. This volume will provide a useful tool for all concerned with viral diseases, including virologists, epidemiologists, and ecologists.

Enzyme Immunodiagnosis focuses on the applications of enzyme immunodiagnosis procedures to the detection of drugs, infectious disease pathogens, and antigens in cancer pathology. This book discusses the use of immunoassays in vaccine assessment and standardization, including the application of commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIA) kits, automation of assays, and interpretation of results obtained with both serological and immunohistochemical methods. The developments in immunoblotting applications to diagnosis and research and use of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies in enzyme immunodiagnosis are also reviewed. This book is beneficial to students and specialists conducting work on immunoenzymatic technology, as well as those involved in research, development, teaching, and diagnosis in fields in immunoassays.

The 300 known viruses that affect invertebrates, mostly insects, are important for research and for pest control. Twelve studies review the advances in the knowledge and use of these viruses made possible by biotechnological processes. Special attention is given to the baculoviridae family, but othe

The 300 known viruses that affect invertebrates, mostly insects, are important for research and for pest control. Twelve studies review the advances in the knowledge and use of these viruses made possible by biotechnological processes. Special attention is given to the baculoviridae family, but othe

The 300 known viruses that affect invertebrates, mostly insects, are important for research and for pest control. Twelve studies review the advances in the knowledge and use of these viruses made possible by biotechnological processes. Special attention is given to the baculoviridae family, but othe

In spite of progress in biomedical research, we know little about the causes, prevention, and treatment of the numerous mental and neurological disorders that afflict up to 15% of all individuals. In the last decade, great advances have been made in the physiopathology of mental and neurological disorders, leading to at least a partial control of Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, certain psychoses, and anxiety syndromes. Despite the fact that an underlying specific neurotransmitter deficiency has been demonstrated in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, the immune dysfunction and viral hypotheses continue to be attractive for investigators dealing with these degenerative diseases of the aging brain, which afflict 10% of senior citizens. A retrospective epidemiologic study suggests that the encephalitis lethargica and parkinsonism were almost certainly caused by the 1918 influenza virus pandemics. It must be stressed that the etiopathogenesis of many mental disorders is not known, and this ignorance has led to several untenable neurophysiological and biochemical hypotheses. Epidemiologic investigations show a high prevalence of functional psychoses and organic mental disorders. Although many of them are conceptualized as biopsychosocial disorders, recent data indicate that the biological component appears more and more as a major etiologic factor. Among the various biological hypotheses, the viral and im­ munologic concept has become a significant one. In view of recent discoveries in virology and immunity, it becomes clear that viral and immunologic hypotheses should be inves­ tigated more systematically concerning the mechanisms of numerous mental and neu­ rological disorders.

In spite of progress in biomedical research, we know little about the causes, prevention, and treatment of the numerous mental and neurological disorders that afflict up to 15% of all individuals. In the last decade, great advances have been made in the physiopathology of mental and neurological disorders, leading to at least a partial control of Parkinson''s disease, epilepsy, certain psychoses, and anxiety syndromes. Despite the fact that an underlying specific neurotransmitter deficiency has been demonstrated in Alzheimer''s and Parkinson''s diseases, the immune dysfunction and viral hypotheses continue to be attractive for investigators dealing with these degenerative diseases of the aging brain, which afflict 10% of senior citizens. A retrospective epidemiologic study suggests that the encephalitis lethargica and parkinsonism were almost certainly caused by the 1918 influenza virus pandemics. It must be stressed that the etiopathogenesis of many mental disorders is not known, and this ignorance has led to several untenable neurophysiological and biochemical hypotheses. Epidemiologic investigations show a high prevalence of functional psychoses and organic mental disorders. Although many of them are conceptualized as biopsychosocial disorders, recent data indicate that the biological component appears more and more as a major etiologic factor. Among the various biological hypotheses, the viral and im­ munologic concept has become a significant one. In view of recent discoveries in virology and immunity, it becomes clear that viral and immunologic hypotheses should be inves­ tigated more systematically concerning the mechanisms of numerous mental and neu­ rological disorders.

The main purpose of the volume Psychiatry and Biological Factors is to provide a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of the current research linked essentially to virus infections, immunity functions, and mental diseases. In recent years substantial advances have been registered in the physiopathol­ ogy of mental and neurological disorders. As a result, partial control of certain psychoses, anxiety syndromes, epilepsy, and Parkinson''s disease is now possible. However, despite progress in biomedical research, numerous mental and neuro­ logical disorders afflict up to 15% of all individuals and little is known about the causes, prevention, and treatment of these diseases. Several epidemiological investigations demonstrated a high prevalence of functional psychoses and organic mental disorders, and recent data show that biological components appear as a major etiologic factor. In this respect it could be stressed that viral and immunologic hypotheses should be investigated seriously and systematically in relation to the mechanisms of several mental and neurologi­ cal diseases. Neuropsychiatric consequences of AIDS related to human immunodeficiency virus infection are now well documented. A variety of behavioral. symptoms and psychiatric syndromes with paranoid features are frequent concomitants of AIDS.

The main purpose of the volume Psychiatry and Biological Factors is to provide a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of the current research linked essentially to virus infections, immunity functions, and mental diseases. In recent years substantial advances have been registered in the physiopathol­ ogy of mental and neurological disorders. As a result, partial control of certain psychoses, anxiety syndromes, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease is now possible. However, despite progress in biomedical research, numerous mental and neuro­ logical disorders afflict up to 15% of all individuals and little is known about the causes, prevention, and treatment of these diseases. Several epidemiological investigations demonstrated a high prevalence of functional psychoses and organic mental disorders, and recent data show that biological components appear as a major etiologic factor. In this respect it could be stressed that viral and immunologic hypotheses should be investigated seriously and systematically in relation to the mechanisms of several mental and neurologi­ cal diseases. Neuropsychiatric consequences of AIDS related to human immunodeficiency virus infection are now well documented. A variety of behavioral. symptoms and psychiatric syndromes with paranoid features are frequent concomitants of AIDS.

Volume 3 is devoted to the latest diagnostic technology for virus diseases, particularly molecular methodologies.

Volume 3 is devoted to the latest diagnostic technology for virus diseases, particularly molecular methodologies.

Viral Vaccines Joseph L. Melnick As with history in general, the history of vaccines needs to be reexamined and updated. My task is to look back to see what has been successful and to look forward to see what remains to be accomplished in the prevention of viral diseases by vaccines. Also, I shall refer to the pertinent material discussed at two recent conferences of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, on virus vaccines under development and their target populations in the United States (1985b) and in developing countries (1986). These reports, plus a third on Vaccine Supply and Innovation (1985a), should be required reading for all those in both the public and the private sector who have a responsibility or interest in vaccines for the prevention of human disease. It has been through the development and use of vaccines that many viral diseases have been brought under control. The vaccines consist either of infectious living attenu­ ated viruses or of noninfectious killed viruses or subviral antigens. When we look at the record, it is the live vaccines that have given the great successes in controlling diseases around the world. Examples are smallpox, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, and rubella.

Viral Vaccines Joseph L. Melnick As with history in general, the history of vaccines needs to be reexamined and updated. My task is to look back to see what has been successful and to look forward to see what remains to be accomplished in the prevention of viral diseases by vaccines. Also, I shall refer to the pertinent material discussed at two recent conferences of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, on virus vaccines under development and their target populations in the United States (1985b) and in developing countries (1986). These reports, plus a third on Vaccine Supply and Innovation (1985a), should be required reading for all those in both the public and the private sector who have a responsibility or interest in vaccines for the prevention of human disease. It has been through the development and use of vaccines that many viral diseases have been brought under control. The vaccines consist either of infectious living attenu­ ated viruses or of noninfectious killed viruses or subviral antigens. When we look at the record, it is the live vaccines that have given the great successes in controlling diseases around the world. Examples are smallpox, yellow fever, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, and rubella.

Virus Variability and Impact on Epidemiology and Control of Diseases E. Kurstak and A. Hossain I. INTRODUCTION An important number of virus infections and their epidemic developments demonstrate that ineffec­ tiveness of prevention measures is often due to the mutation rate and variability of viruses (Kurstak et al., 1984, 1987). The new human immunodeficiency retroviruses and old influenza viruses are only one among several examples of virus variation that prevent, or make very difficult. the production of reliable vaccines. It could be stated that the most important factor limiting the effectiveness of vaccines against virus infections is apparently virus variation. Not much is, how­ ever, known about the factors influencing and responsible for the dramatically diverse patterns of virus variability. II. MUTATION RATE AND VARIABILITY OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL VIRUSES Mutation is undoubtedly the primary source of variation, and several reports in the literature suggest that extreme variability of some viruses may be a consequence of an unusually high mutation rate (Holland et al., 1982; Domingo et al., 1985; Smith and Inglis, 1987). The mutation rate of a virus is defined as the probability that during a single replication of the virus genome a particular nucleotide position is altered through substitution, deletion, insertion. or recombination. Different techniques have been utilized to measure virus mutation rates, and these have been noted in the extent of application to different viruses.

Virus Variability and Impact on Epidemiology and Control of Diseases E. Kurstak and A. Hossain I. INTRODUCTION An important number of virus infections and their epidemic developments demonstrate that ineffec­ tiveness of prevention measures is often due to the mutation rate and variability of viruses (Kurstak et al., 1984, 1987). The new human immunodeficiency retroviruses and old influenza viruses are only one among several examples of virus variation that prevent, or make very difficult. the production of reliable vaccines. It could be stated that the most important factor limiting the effectiveness of vaccines against virus infections is apparently virus variation. Not much is, how­ ever, known about the factors influencing and responsible for the dramatically diverse patterns of virus variability. II. MUTATION RATE AND VARIABILITY OF HUMAN AND ANIMAL VIRUSES Mutation is undoubtedly the primary source of variation, and several reports in the literature suggest that extreme variability of some viruses may be a consequence of an unusually high mutation rate (Holland et al., 1982; Domingo et al., 1985; Smith and Inglis, 1987). The mutation rate of a virus is defined as the probability that during a single replication of the virus genome a particular nucleotide position is altered through substitution, deletion, insertion. or recombination. Different techniques have been utilized to measure virus mutation rates, and these have been noted in the extent of application to different viruses.

Comparative Diagnosis of Viral Diseases, Volume III: Vertebrate Animal and Related Viruses Part A—DNA Viruses, is devoted to vertebrate animal and related viruses. This book covers in separate chapters the infections caused by each DNA virus family, including slow viruses diseases, as well as the system of Virus Information of the World Health Organization. It provides a comparative description of the principal physicochemical, molecular, structural, genetic, immunological, and biological characteristics of viruses implicated in various diseases, mainly of veterinary importance. With this new concept of comparative diagnosis, the symptoms and the evolution of the diseases are described in detail, as well as the modern methodology for their rapid and specific diagnosis, control, and prevention. This text will interest all virologists and immunologists working in the area of diagnosis and control of animal virus diseases. In particular, it is addressed to the professionals of veterinary sciences working both in the field and in the laboratory and to students of veterinary schools.

Comparative Virology provides an integrated comparison of viruses, based on their chemical and morphological characteristics. These descriptions will not only give the reader a background but also a detailed analysis of the various groups. In some instances the groups are still host related, as in the case of bacteriophages and polyhedral insect viruses. In others, for instance in pox viruses, the group comprises viruses of vertebrates and invertebrates. The hosts of the bacilliform Rhabdovirales range from man and other warm-blooded vertebrates through invertebrate animals to plants. A special chapter is devoted to viruses devoid of protein—a group that is of great interest and that has only recently been recognized. Since there is historical and practical interest in écologie groupings, such as arboviruses and oncogenic viruses, chapters on such groups have also been included. The book opens with a discussion on the classification of viruses. Chapters dealing with DNA viruses and RNA viruses follow, and the ecologically and disease-oriented groups complete the volume. It is hoped that ""Comparative Virology"" will help bring unity to the science of virology through the comparative approach that is not dependent on virus-host interactions. The combined efforts of eminent contributors to discuss and evaluate new information will hopefully benefit all who are interested in virology

Comparative Diagnosis of Viral Diseases, II: Human and Related Viruses Part B, is devoted to the diagnosis of viral diseases, and is based on the new comparative unifying concept of the viral world. The work demonstrates that the comparison of and the discrimination among viruses, according to the criteria of classification of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and to the diseases caused by these viruses irrespective of the species involved, are essential for their diagnosis and prevention. The book is organized into five parts. Part I contains papers on unclassified viruses while Part II focuses on cancer viruses. Part III examines the role of vaccines and chemotherapy in the control of viral diseases. Part IV discusses the development of the development of the WHO reporting system on virus diseases. Part V deals with viral diagnostic reagents and newer diagnostic methods. This book will interest all clinical virologists and immunologists and veterinarians and research workers. It is addressed particularly to the professionals of public health and veterinary sciences who work in the area of diagnosis and control of viral diseases and to those who are interested in the problem of the relation between viruses and cancer.

The recent developments in modern vaccinology are mainly based on: (i) cloning of microbial genes into recombinant vectors containing genetic information for expression of desired neutralizing immunogens; (ii) alternatives of attenuated vectors with deleted genes permitting the insertion of several foreign genes expressing antigens exposed to the host immune system during the abortive replication of such vectors; (iii) combined vaccines with the aim to protect against many diseases with a limited number of administrations; (iv) evidence demonstrating the ability of animals to respond serologically to DNA injections considered as a potential method of vaccination; (v) the possibility to manipulate the immune system with new and improved immunomodulators enhancing the immune response; and (vi) new microcarrier systems for particular immunogens or immunomodulators delivery, either in a single dose or sustained release, and presentation to the immune system for a relevant response. New vaccines being developed are mainly based on viral, bacterial or other vectors modified with genetic engineering technology, to possess and express desired antigens for vaccination against single or multiple infections. Existing combined vaccines like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTP) are also experimented with new additional components like recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen, inactivated poliovirus, and Haemophilus inJluenzae type b immunogens, in order to produce multivalent vaccines. Such types of vaccines permitting the reduction of multiple medical visits is of particular interest to pediatric immuni­ zation programs, and would benefit especially the developing countries assuring better vaccine compliance with immunization schedules.

The recent developments in modern vaccinology are mainly based on: (i) cloning of microbial genes into recombinant vectors containing genetic information for expression of desired neutralizing immunogens; (ii) alternatives of attenuated vectors with deleted genes permitting the insertion of several foreign genes expressing antigens exposed to the host immune system during the abortive replication of such vectors; (iii) combined vaccines with the aim to protect against many diseases with a limited number of administrations; (iv) evidence demonstrating the ability of animals to respond serologically to DNA injections considered as a potential method of vaccination; (v) the possibility to manipulate the immune system with new and improved immunomodulators enhancing the immune response; and (vi) new microcarrier systems for particular immunogens or immunomodulators delivery, either in a single dose or sustained release, and presentation to the immune system for a relevant response. New vaccines being developed are mainly based on viral, bacterial or other vectors modified with genetic engineering technology, to possess and express desired antigens for vaccination against single or multiple infections. Existing combined vaccines like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTP) are also experimented with new additional components like recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen, inactivated poliovirus, and Haemophilus inJluenzae type b immunogens, in order to produce multivalent vaccines. Such types of vaccines permitting the reduction of multiple medical visits is of particular interest to pediatric immuni­ zation programs, and would benefit especially the developing countries assuring better vaccine compliance with immunization schedules.

Elimination of measles and poliomyelitis diseases from the globe is a priority goal of the World Health Organization. For the first time, in a single volume comprising thirty-one well-documented chapters, internationally recognized experts provide a state-of-the-art treatment of these two important viral diseases. The book offers a wide range of new findings and references on the latest advances regarding the measles and poliomyelitis:• global and molecular genetic epidemiology, characteristics and diseases surveillance • all available vaccines and research to produce more safe and more potent-biotechnologyvaccines• immunization programmes, considering the available vaccines and possibility of vaccinal associations in strategy to eliminate/eradicate these diseases• immunity to infections and immunogenicity of vaccines• virus genomes organization and antigenic structures related to vaccine characteristics, stressing their role in immunization strategies• needs of global cooperation, using all available resources, vaccines and strategies to achieve the global control of the diseases.It is addressed to all public health professionals concerned with measles and poliomyelitis control, especially in hospitals, clinics, governmental health services, international health services, centers of infectious diseases, research institutes, medical schools, vaccine producers and experts in immunization strategies and programmes.