In 1958, a single volume in the original series of this Encyclopedia adequately summarized the state of knowledge about plant carbohydrates. Expansion into two volumes in the New Series highlights the explosive increase in information and the heightened interest that attended this class of compounds in the interven­ ing years. Even now the search has just begun. Much remains to be accom­ plished; e.g., a full description of the plant cell wall in chemical terms. Why this growing fascination with plant carbohydrates? Clearly, much credit goes to those who pioneered the complex chemistry of polyhydroxylated compounds and to those who later sorted out the biochemical features of these molecules. But there is a second aspect, the role of carbohydrates in such biological func­ tions as host-parasite and pollen-pistil interactions, the mating reaction in fungi, symbiosis, and secretion to name a few. Here is ample reason for anyone concerned with the plant sciences to turn aside for a moment and consider how carbohydrates, so many years neglected in favor of the study of proteins and nucleic acids, contribute to the physiological processes of growth and devel­ opment in plants.

In 1958, a single volume in the original series of this Encyclopedia adequately summarized the state of knowledge about plant carbohydrates. Expansion into two volumes in the New Series highlights the explosive increase in information and the heightened interest that attended this class of compounds in the interven­ ing years. Even now the search has just begun. Much remains to be accom­ plished; e.g., a full description of the plant cell wall in chemical terms. Why this growing fascination with plant carbohydrates? Clearly, much credit goes to those who pioneered the complex chemistry of polyhydroxylated compounds and to those who later sorted out the biochemical features of these molecules. But there is a second aspect, the role of carbohydrates in such biological func­ tions as host-parasite and pollen-pistil interactions, the mating reaction in fungi, symbiosis, and secretion to name a few. Here is ample reason for anyone concerned with the plant sciences to turn aside for a moment and consider how carbohydrates, so many years neglected in favor of the study of proteins and nucleic acids, contribute to the physiological processes of growth and devel­ opment in plants.

The essential features of constitution, configuration, and conformation in carbo­ hydrate chemistry, so well established in the . first half of this century, had yet to be exploited by those concerned with biochemical and physiological processes in plants when the original Encyclopedia appeared. Two outstanding developments, discovery of sugar nucleotides and the advent of chromatography, brought together the insight and a means of probing complexities inherent in plant carbohydrates. These advances, combined with a modern knowledge of enzymes and cellular metabolism, have provided new horizons of investigation for the student of plant physiology. This volume and its companion (Vol. 13B) present a comprehensive assess­ ment of the current viewpoint in plant carbohydrates with emphasis on those aspects which impinge on physiological processes of growth and development. To accommodate the extensive amount of information to be presented, subject matter has been divided, somewhat arbitrarily, into intracellular and extracellular carbohydrates, with the latter defined as carbohydrates occurring in space out­ side the plasma membrane (plasmalemma). This classification is not exclusive; rather it is intended to lend a degree of flexibility to the way in which subject matter is arranged between volumes. The first section of this volume addresses the occurrence, metabolism, and function of monomeric and higher saccharides of fungi, algae, and higher plants.

In 1958, a single volume in the original series of this Encyclopedia adequately summarized the state of knowledge about plant carbohydrates. Expansion into two volumes in the New Series highlights the explosive increase in information and the heightened interest that attended this class of compounds in the interven­ ing years. Even now the search has just begun. Much remains to be accom­ plished; e.g., a full description of the plant cell wall in chemical terms. Why this growing fascination with plant carbohydrates? Clearly, much credit goes to those who pioneered the complex chemistry of polyhydroxylated compounds and to those who later sorted out the biochemical features of these molecules. But there is a second aspect, the role of carbohydrates in such biological func­ tions as host-parasite and pollen-pistil interactions, the mating reaction in fungi, symbiosis, and secretion to name a few. Here is ample reason for anyone concerned with the plant sciences to turn aside for a moment and consider how carbohydrates, so many years neglected in favor of the study of proteins and nucleic acids, contribute to the physiological processes of growth and devel­ opment in plants.

In 1958, a single volume in the original series of this Encyclopedia adequately summarized the state of knowledge about plant carbohydrates. Expansion into two volumes in the New Series highlights the explosive increase in information and the heightened interest that attended this class of compounds in the interven­ ing years. Even now the search has just begun. Much remains to be accom­ plished; e.g., a full description of the plant cell wall in chemical terms. Why this growing fascination with plant carbohydrates? Clearly, much credit goes to those who pioneered the complex chemistry of polyhydroxylated compounds and to those who later sorted out the biochemical features of these molecules. But there is a second aspect, the role of carbohydrates in such biological func­ tions as host-parasite and pollen-pistil interactions, the mating reaction in fungi, symbiosis, and secretion to name a few. Here is ample reason for anyone concerned with the plant sciences to turn aside for a moment and consider how carbohydrates, so many years neglected in favor of the study of proteins and nucleic acids, contribute to the physiological processes of growth and devel­ opment in plants.

The essential features of constitution, configuration, and conformation in carbo­ hydrate chemistry, so well established in the . first half of this century, had yet to be exploited by those concerned with biochemical and physiological processes in plants when the original Encyclopedia appeared. Two outstanding developments, discovery of sugar nucleotides and the advent of chromatography, brought together the insight and a means of probing complexities inherent in plant carbohydrates. These advances, combined with a modern knowledge of enzymes and cellular metabolism, have provided new horizons of investigation for the student of plant physiology. This volume and its companion (Vol. 13B) present a comprehensive assess­ ment of the current viewpoint in plant carbohydrates with emphasis on those aspects which impinge on physiological processes of growth and development. To accommodate the extensive amount of information to be presented, subject matter has been divided, somewhat arbitrarily, into intracellular and extracellular carbohydrates, with the latter defined as carbohydrates occurring in space out­ side the plasma membrane (plasmalemma). This classification is not exclusive; rather it is intended to lend a degree of flexibility to the way in which subject matter is arranged between volumes. The first section of this volume addresses the occurrence, metabolism, and function of monomeric and higher saccharides of fungi, algae, and higher plants.