G Palanithurai – författare

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment is a milestone in the modern history of India and it has taken democracy to the grassroots. It aims to transform the characteristics of our democracy from representative to representative and participatory democracy. Before going into the details of the process of decentralization of powers in the states over a period, it is necessary to explain the basic framework of decentrali­zation of powers.To operationalise the basic framework – both letter and spirit – the state governments have to take an array of steps that are fundamental and basic for the establishment of a local governance system.By keeping the above framework, in the last twenty years how decentral­ization took place in south Indian states – Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala has been evaluated in this volume. The four chapters have been written by G. Palanithurai, M. Gobinath Reddy, M. Sivanna and Jos Chathukulam. Along with the above state-specific chapters, there are a few chapters covering Panchayat finance in South Indian States and democratiza­tion in this volume written by B. DevendraBabu and G. Palanithurai, respec­tively. S. N. Sangita has written a chapter on Political regime, Decentralized Governance and social security in south Indian states. It is also included in this volume. Further the chapter written by V. N. Alok on "e;Devolution of Powers to Local Bodies"e; has been incorporated in the present work. Finally yet another paper on "e;Decentralization of Powers: Acceleration and Deceleration"e; by G. Palanithurai for a different journal has also been included. Thus totally nine papers have been accommodate

Capacity Building is a recognised concept throughout the world in the context of societies moving towards the next millennium. The speed of growth and change will be very high in the next century which cannot be gauged exactly beyond 2020. Hence, it will be a century of the capacitated individuals and groups. To cope up with the speed of change, it is increasingly felt that the capacity of the individuals at every level from school teacher to highest executive has to be increased. Thus, human resource development draws the attention of all at present Much publicised event in the last quarter of this century is the decentralisation of power which transfers volume of responsibilities from higher level institutions to grassroot level organisations with much emphasis on people''s responsibility, and accountability and transparency of the government. The newly created constitutional institutions at the grassroot level have to perform a variety of functions under the guidance of the leaders elected by the people. Hence, it is necessary that the capacity of the leaders be enhanced. Steps are on in this direction. There are many agencies to support this Kind of activities apart from the government. Depending on the requirement of the institutions training programmes are conceived and formulated. Training programmes arc being conducted at different levels. The training experiences are valuable for strengthening grassroots democracy Hence, all the training programmes are well documented and compiled. To perfect the training methodology the documents are compiled and presented in the form of a book for the readers. This kind of exercise would build the capacity of the leaders lo meet the challenges of this century and further to improve the method and material of training.

In the light of the redefinition of governance, globalization of economy and decentralization of power at present, the role of the government is not that of a provider but a facilitator. How human collectivities have perceived the new disposition is a major question daunting the minds of all today. New Panchayati Raj System at Work : An evaluation is the outcome of the repeated exercise done at various villages analysing the functions of the new panchayati raj system. The New Panchayati Raj System established through the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution of India emphasised the major original function of achieving economic development and social justice by performing planning exercise at the grass-root level with the active participation of the people. 243(G) is the operative clause of the Amendment which has been properly understood by only a few leaders and states. In Tamil Nadu, what is going on in the rural areas after the election to the Local bodies is the major concern of the study. This work brings out the details of the mind-set of the elected local body leaders and the bureaucrats who are working in the Local body institutions. The interface between the leaders and the officials has also been highlighted in this work. The practical difficulties faced by the local body leaders in discharging their role, function and responsibilities have been the focus of discussion in this work based on the case analysis. Major concern is whether the Tamil Nadu Panchayati is moving in the direction given by the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution of India. This study finally explicitly indicates the lapses, drawbacks and difficulties in operationalising the principles of the constitutional amendment. This book will be widely welcomed by the supports of the grass-root democracy and all those involved in rural development.

Rural Transformation undergoes a metamorphosis after the introduction of new governance at grassroots through the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution of India. Newly created institutions for governance have teething problems and yet they picked up momentum in their dynamics. New condensation takes place in the minds of the people about their role and responsibility and feverish socio-economic activities have been initiated by the institutions and a new kind of relationship has been established between the State Government and the grassroots institutions as established between the Central Government and State Government. Problems which had not been so far noticed have come to the surface while deepening democracy in the society. A new participatory culture comes to governance at the grassroots and thereby it indicates that it would move towards the other realm of governance. Variety of institutions both evolved and imposed over a period of time have come to synergise their activities for effective delivery of services. Thus it seems the concept ‘governance'' provides a new meaning and explanation as activities are centering around people by relegating the concept government to the background. It does not mean that the process is smooth and positive. Decentralization process has its own obstacles as it breaks many hurdles. Strategies have been evolved then and there to overcome such obstacles and barriers and it moves towards the people to empower them. The whole process of the transformation has been captured in this work from the experience of the provinces. Key issues have been highlighted for further understanding of the dynamics of village voice. This volume provides statewise outlook of the devolution of powers. It aims at providing analysis of the performance of the institutions interms of the powers assigned to them.

West Bengal Panchayat Elections 1993: A Study in Participation is based on field surveys in West Bengal, during and after the May 1993 Panchayat elections. This study offers a critical analysis of the extent of popular participation in the Panchayat election process and the working of the Panchayat institutions. The authors base their analysis primarily on the state''s successful and longstanding experience with local self governance since 1978, when the PRIs were resurrected, almost as it were, from the ashes. Among other things, the study succinctly points out that the panchayats have taken deep roots in West Bengal and holding of regular elections together with active participation of political parties have significantly contributed to the institutionalisation of local government in rural areas. At the same time, the study has noticed lack of adequate participation of the common people in the activities and programmes of the panchayats.

Rural Transformation undergoes a metamorphosis after the introduction of new governance at grassroots through the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution of India. Newly created institutions for governance have teething problems and yet they picked up momentum in their dynamics. New concientization takes place in the minds of the people about their role and responsibility and feverish socio-economic activities have been initiated by the institutions and a new kind of relationship has been established between the State Government and the grassroots institutions as established between the Central Government and State Government. Problems which had not been so far noticed have come to the surface while deepening democracy in the society. A new participatory culture comes to governance at the grassroots and thereby it indicates that it would move towards the other realm of governance. Variety of institutions both evolved and imposed over a period of time have come to synergise their activities for effective delivery of services. Thus it seems the concept ''governance'' provides a new meaning and explanation as activities are centering around people by relegating the concept government to the background. It does not mean that the process is smooth and positive. Decentralization process has its own obstacles as it breaks many hurdles. Strategies have been evolved then and there to overcome such obstacles and barriers and it moves towards the people to empower them. The whole process of the transformation has been captured in this work from the experience of the provinces. Key issues have been highlighted for further understanding of the dynamics of village voice. This volume provides state wise outlook of the devolution of powers. It aims at providing analysis of the performance of the institutions interms of the powers assigned to them.

This book presents the efforts taken by Gandhigram Rural Institute to prepare the leaders of the grassroots institutions to perform their assigned roles and responsibilities by building up the capacity of the leaders. The training experiences of Gram Panchayat Presidents, both men and women, of eight districts in Tamil Nadu have been discussed. Pre-training and post-training evaluation has also been made in order to find out the impact of the training. Their feedback about the training programme is discussed as well. Further, achievements and the problems of the Gram Panchayat leaders have been assessed with a view to evolve a strategy to create a more conducive and positive climate for the Panchayat leaders to perform their roles and discharge their responsibilities effectively. An analysis of the achievements and barriers have been recorded through a workshop. The book will help the training institutions to design their training programmes.

Though much emphasis has been on Development Administration, both in the Academic world and in the domain of Administration, Development Politics has been lost sight of. The gap between the two is narrow and very thin. The former one cannot have any impact in the society without the latter one and vice versa. At present what we see today is too much of non-issues and very little issues in politics. Yet our polity and administration have got resilience to withstand pressure and manage the crisis, though our political elites and bureaucracy have moved away from good governance. The success and sustenance of our democratic governance is largely the result of the matured behaviour of the people. Often people express their feelings through their ballots and the politicians do understand the feelings and yet they could not mend themselves to act in accordance with the aspirations of the people. There is a block which is invisible between the government and the people. To break the block steps have been taken to decentralise power which will reach even the unreached. This process of decentralization will bring the Indian polity from non-issues to issues, crisis management to development management and public administration to development administration. The major issues involved in the governing process have been highlighted in this work. It draws lessons mostly from Tamil Nadu. It will help the academics and students to look at governance from the perspective of Development Administration and Development Politics.

While there is much literature on women today, the focus is generally on the position and role of women in urban areas. This study turns the spotlight on rural women through the length and breadth of the districts of Maharashtra. Its findings enable the rural woman to emerge from the shadows of being labelled as ‘tT&itian-bound'', ‘passive'', ‘backward'', to hold her own, whether in the forefront of public life, in the expression of her convictions or in a courageous stand through crisis-situations. The dynamism of social change is sweeping over every sector of the country and rural women are second to none in making their response to the challenge, with due regard to the rural cultural context. Too often and too long has the impression persisted that only men can play an effective role in directing the course of planned development. As a result, women themselves maintain.a poor self-image and they are afraid of innovative moves which draw on them the wrath of the local community. The study explores through personal interviews with women elected or nominated on panchayat bodies, their views on situations affecting the status and role of women including their active involvement in local affairs. The first chapter traces the social emergence of women in the country, a movement which follows the ebb and flow of socio-political events. The second chapter explains the methodology of the study.

Encyclopaedia of Advanced Educational Psychology Volume-l and Volume-ll, deals with application of psychological principles in Education to enhance teaching learning process. lt helps the teachers/learners to understand the teaching pedagogy. This book serves as a Reference Book for Teachers Education courses like D.Ed., B.Ed., M.Ed., M A. in Education and also Ph D in Education for various universities throughout the country. lt is also helpful for various competitive examinations and NET/SLET Examinations. lt covers significant sections like - Education and Psychology, Schools of Psychology, Theories of Learning, Attention, Learning and lnformation Processing, Growth and Development, lndividual Difference, Motivation, lntelligence and Creativity, Personality and Adjustment, Memory, Emotional lntelligence, Aptitude, Attitude. The book covers new psychological aspects like, lnformation processing model and Emotional intelligence in depth.

Applied psychology is the important branch of psychology i.e. the scientific study of all forms of human and animal behaviour. Applied Psychology must start out with description and classification of facts. Facts once classified and described are then subjected to theoretical analysis and further experiment, and this tends to become explanatory and to be able to make predictions about future facts, This work, in five volumes, consists of sixty chapters, thus covering all the relevant fields of applied psychology. To make the information more coherent, the material is gathered from different authoritative sources. The encyclopaedic information, gathered herein will prove of utmost use to students, teachers and researchers in the domain of psychology. The professionals i.e. practicing psychologists will find this work of dependable reference value.

Applied psychology is the important branch of psychology i.e. the scientific study of all forms of human and animal behaviour. Applied Psychology must start out with description and classification of facts. Facts once classified and described are then subjected to theoretical analysis and further experiment, and this tends to become explanatory and to be able to make predictions about future facts, This work, in five volumes, consists of sixty chapters, thus covering all the relevant fields of applied psychology. To make the information more coherent, the material is gathered from different authoritative sources. The encyclopaedic information, gathered herein will prove of utmost use to students, teachers and researchers in the domain of psychology. The professionals i.e. practicing psychologists will find this work of dependable reference value.

Rural Transformation undergoes a metamorphosis after the introduction of new governance at grassroots through the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution of India. Newly created institutions for governance have teething problems and yet they picked up momentum in their dynamics. New concientization takes place in the minds of the people about their role and responsibility and feverish socio-economic activities have been initiated by the institutions and a new kind of relationship has been established between the state government and the grassroots institutions is established between the Central government and State government. Problems, which had not been so far noticed, have come to the surface while deepening democracy in the society. A new participatory culture comes to governanace at the grassroots and thereby it indicates that it would move towards the other realm of governance. Variety of institutions, both evolved and imposed over a period of time, have come to synergise their activities for effective delivery of services. Thus, it seems the concept'' governance, provides a new meaning and explanation as activities are centering around people by relegating the concept government to the background. It does not mean that the process is smooth and positive. Decentralization process has its own obstacles as it breaks many hurdles. Strategies have been evolved then and there to overcome such obstacles and barriers and it moves towards the people to empower them. The whole process of the transformation has been captured in this work from the experience of the provinces. Key issues have been highlighted for further understanding of the dynamics of village voice. This volume provides statewise outlook of the devolution of powers. It aims at providing analysis of the performance of the institutions in terms of the powers assigned to them.

Islam, as a philosophy, a way of life and of course as a faith, has served like a lighthouse for the whole world. It has, as a force, influenced all civilizations. Be it education, social fabric or science, Islam has Left its impact in all the spheres. In fact, Islam is-basically a scientific and progressive religion. This series, unique in its presentation, is perhaps first of its kind, to take all the great events, developments and personalities in Islam, in its fold. All the significant aspects have been covered in these volumes. This multi-volume study is based on original(Holy Quran and Traditions) and other authentic sources: Arabic, Persian and Urdu books and manuscripts. for further comprehenion and comparative study, English books by Muslim scholars and as well as Western writers have also been consulted at length. The painstaking research and thorough study of thousands of pages by a team of scholars over a period of time, has resulted in an authentic, comprehensive, exhaustive, exclusive, gigantic and still interesting work, which is bound to fill a big vacuum in Islamic Studies. This voluminous work is based on authentic sources and material, available in libraries, institutes and some pnr.ate collections, as well. A r-h Bibliography; along with references is provided with each volume Lo prove the authenticity of the work and in order to guide the scholars and readers for further studies. This modest work should; rove to be of worth for those, who arc kind enough to peruse it and may desire to make use of it for their academic enrichment. Hopefully, these volumes would be able to satisfy the urge of all those who desire to know about real Islam and also to create a new awareness, regarding this religion, as a radical discipline, based on reason and opposed to fundamentalism and dogmatism. Though, a small effort yet its rational treatment and radical approach make it different from other works on the same or related subjects.

Islam, as a philosophy, a way of life and of course as a faith, has served like a lighthouse for the whole world. It has, as a force, influenced all civilizations. Be it education, social fabric or science, Islam has Left its impact in all the spheres. In fact, Islam is-basically a scientific and progressive religion. This series, unique in its presentation, is perhaps first of its kind, to take all the great events, developments and personalities in Islam, in its fold. All the significant aspects have been covered in these volumes. This multi-volume study is based on original(Holy Quran and Traditions) and other authentic sources: Arabic, Persian and Urdu books and manuscripts. for further comprehenion and comparative study, English books by Muslim scholars and as well as Western writers have also been consulted at length. The painstaking research and thorough study of thousands of pages by a team of scholars over a period of time, has resulted in an authentic, comprehensive, exhaustive, exclusive, gigantic and still interesting work, which is bound to fill a big vacuum in Islamic Studies. This voluminous work is based on authentic sources and material, available in libraries, institutes and some pnr.ate collections, as well. A r-h Bibliography; along with references is provided with each volume Lo prove the authenticity of the work and in order to guide the scholars and readers for further studies. This modest work should; rove to be of worth for those, who arc kind enough to peruse it and may desire to make use of it for their academic enrichment. Hopefully, these volumes would be able to satisfy the urge of all those who desire to know about real Islam and also to create a new awareness, regarding this religion, as a radical discipline, based on reason and opposed to fundamentalism and dogmatism. Though, a small effort yet its rational treatment and radical approach make it different from other works on the same or related subjects.

Islam came on the scene, with a message, philosophy and code of conduct, perfect by all means, with its advent, the new faith revolutionised the contemporary world in a very short span of time. It also brought along with its beliefs and practices, a new culture, which gradually build a new civilization, now known as Islamic Civilization. Islam has made a great contribution to the development and growth of human civilization, education and intellect in particular and the whole society, in general. This is a well-known fact now that Muslims were leading the world of knowledge and wisdom when Europe was still a dark continent, far behind in education and science. In the early era of Islam the Muslims were in full command of the science and technology of the times. They not only unearthed adopted and preserved the lost treasure of the Greek wisdom, but also promoted it to new heights. Muslim academics and scientists were among the leading lights of that period of history. They contributed a lot to the growth of all branches of knowledge he that Philosophy, Logic literature, Geography, History Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics or Medicine. Islam is a scientific and progressive religion All its teachings have a scientific and logical approach. Islam directs all its followers to learn, gain knowledge and master the arts and sciences c: the contemporary world. Islam, as a living faith stands for spreading light and eliminating darkness from the world. They contributed a lot to the growth of all branches of knowledge and thus enriched the new civilization. This series, unique in its presentation, is perhaps first of its kind, to take all the great developments and changes over the centuries. All the significant aspects have been covered in these volumes. This multi-volume study is based on original (Holy Quran and Traditions) and other authentic sources: Arabic, Persian and Urdu books and manuscripts. For further comprehension and comparative study, English books by Muslim scholars and as well as Western writers have also been consulted at length. The painstaking research and thorough study of thousands of pages by a team of scholars over a period of time, has resulted in an authentic, comprehensive, exhaustive, exclusive, lengthy and still interesting work, which, is bound to fill a big vacuum in Islamic Studies and as well as the treasure of Knowledge about Culture and Civilization.

Introduction to Practical Biochemistry provides an excellent up-to-date account of the course and development of biochemistry. The text revolves around the basic principle of biochemistry as well as molecular and biochemical control mechanisms responsible for structural, informational and behavioral properties of Carbohydrates, Vitamins, Protein, resulting in a composite picture of modern biochemistry. Introduction to Practical Biochemistry is designed for life science students and chemistry and other biological science majors. It provides a logical and accessible introduction to biochemical principles. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between molecular architecture and the functional properties of biomolecules, and the dynamic, unceasing, and self-regulating nature of living processes. This book present a succinct account of the essential features of the biochemistry, and is being prepared by keeping in view the requirements of the students and academic professionals. The text has been suitably illustrated with simple and self explanatory diagrams. It is believed that the book is not only useful to undergraduate and post graduate students of biological sciences, life sciences and agricultural sciences, but also as a reference tool to the others interested in the allied fields.

Biology is a very popular subject among the students. Many students take a keen interest in Biology as it is considered as a foundation stone in a Medical Career. Study of Plants, Animals, Dissection of Animals, Study of Tissue, Life Cycles and Classification of Plants and Animals all one important for students. This Encyclopaedia distresses the various aspects of Biological Science. It has been prepared for all Medical students keeping in mind their needs and requirements. Today biological science is rising on a wall of worry. No other science has advanced more dramatically during the past several decades nor yielded so many palpable improvements in human welfare. Thus it is aimed at a broad range of readers. This book differs from the other books in its central concern with "statement about the future" as made by a wide range of scientists. The subject areas covered are extensive and specialists in every field will find materials than can be improved and extended. This encyclopaedia is an effort to summarize the basic concept and principles of the subject, to present the elementary factual information with which a person to be competent in the filed should be familiar, and to sow how these principles and facts may be applied in a practical way to the interests and welfare of Students."

The book contains lists of all the Polypodiaceous ferns that are recorded from India and covers 165 species falling in 24 genera and 4 families. The account is based on nearly 30 years of study of the specimens from nature as well as on those preserved in national and international herbaria. In the catalogue are given the latest names, the important synonyms and references to the Indian published works on these ferns. Notes on ecological distribution and references to the published description and illustrations of the listed taxa are appended. It should be useful to the pteridologists engaged in any field of research and for the identification of the materials, in the herbaria. Further it would be helpful to the amateurs in naming the common Polypods in India.

Plant biotechnology is a discipline that should be well known and accepted as a sub field under the umbrella of pharmaceutical biotechnology. Plant biotechnology is an extension of this traditional plant breeding with one very important difference — plant biotechnology allows for the transfer of a greater variety of genetic information in a more precise, controlled manner. Traditional plant breeding involves the crossing of hundreds or thousands of genes, whereas plant biotechnology allows for the transfer of only one or a few desirable genes. This more precise Science allows plant breeders to develop crops with specific beneficial traits and without undesirable traits. The constant aim of plant breeding is to improve the quality, diversity and performance of agricultural and horticultural crops. The overriding objective is to develop plants better adapted to human needs. The evolution of plant breeding is a classic example of how improved biological understanding has been adapted to provide more effective methods of meeting the demands of a changing world. This book provides an authoritative review of many aspects of current interest and progress in the field of plant biotechnology that has been made in the recent past.

Tribes in India, who constitute 15 per cent of the geographical area and nearly 8 per cent of the population, are truly disadvantaged and marginalized population of our country. Health status of the tribal population is marked by all the negative features that one may find in morbidity and mortality. Poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, lack of personal hygiene, unsanitary conditions and absence of health education, poor mother and child health services and poor coverage of the national preventive programmes have been found responsible for the poor health of the tribal communities. Besides poor coverage, the tribal communities have their own systems of medicines, dispensed through the medium of shamans, herbalists and witchdoctors, which also act as a barrier in healthcare programmes. Finally, some specific genetic diseases such as sickle cell anaemia, G-6-PD deficiency, etc. are largely located in the tribal hinterlands. The Government of India has implemented specific programmes for the healthcare development of the tribal communities and there have been encouraging results. However, much is required to be known in the area of tribal morbidity and traditional systems of medicines. The present work is an attempt to bring together the clinical and biogenetic aspects, on one hand, and the traditional cultural heritage in the form of traditional medical systems, on the other. The papers contributed by various experts in the fields of anthropology, clinical sciences, demography and biotechnology examine the specific context of tribal habitat in order to interpret the pattern of morbidity.

Today''s plant lovers, food producers and agricultural planners, voices together to protect the plants from insects and diseases. Damages to the plants by insects are easily felt, but not realised fully. Every year, hundreds of people die of hunger. We can provide them with enough, food, if food crops are kept safe. Plant Protection continues to play a significant role in achieving targets of crop production. Major thrust areas of plant protection are promotion of integrated pest management, ensuring availability of safe and quality pesticides for sustaining crop production. It is essential to have the basic knowledge about the plant pathogens, different kinds of diseases caused by them to various crops and of course, the methods of controlling diseases to avoid enormous losses. This book is a serious endeavour in this direction. This Encyclopaedia in four volumes takes the stock of present state of art in plant protection. It caters to the need of knowledge hungry biologists, agriculturists, policy planners and specialists in the field of plant protection and of course the students, teachers and researchers.

Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the properties and reactivity of all chemical elements. Advanced interests focus on understanding the role of metals in biology and the environment, the design and properties of materials for energy and information technology, fundamental studies on the reactivity of main group and transition elements, and nanotechnology. Synthetic efforts are directed at hydrogen storage materials and thermoelectrics, catalysts for solar hydrogen generation, fullerenes and metal porphyrins, metal clusters and compounds with element-element bonds, as well as nanowires and nanoparticles. Inorganic chemistry, the study of all the elements and their compounds with the exception of carbon and its compounds, which fall under the category of organic chemistry. Inorganic chemistry is significant in all modern areas of life and science. It represents one of the fastest growing and exciting areas of scientific research. The impetus for this research is the practical essential role inorganic chemistry plays in biology, pharmaceuticals, and advanced materials. Chemistry is the scientific study of interaction of chemical substances that are constituted of atoms or the subatomic particles: protons, electrons and neutrons. Atoms combine to produce molecules or crystals. Chemistry is often called "the central science" because it connects the other natural sciences, such as astronomy, physics, material science, biology, and geology.

This book incorporates an in-depth and detailed study of glacial and fluvial processes and forms of Lidder Valley, Kashmir. The characteristic landscape features and their ensemble are sought to be explained in a supple, pliant and lucid manner through the application of an empirical and genetic approach. Such an approach also includes the evaluation of mass balances estimates of existing glaciers, a detailed systematic analysis of different erosional and depositional features of glacial and fluvial landscape and reconstruction of palace geographic landscape from fossil flora. Pollen analysis of exposed glacial bog sediment, and Lichenometric and geomorphologic evidences, also contribute to the paleographic landscape reconstruction. Besides incorporating data from diverse sources like hydrology, geology and climatology, the author has proposed some models in each of the nine chapters of the book. Reflecting a critical and creative synthesis of some recent research in the Himalayas, the present work becomes unique in this respect and possible the first of its kind. The study will prove to be of immense interest to glaciologists, glacial geomorpholgists, land-sat image and remote sensing specialists, hydrologists, flood-management experts and environmentalists.

Phylum Arthropoda (Gr. arthros = joint; pods = foot) contains the great majority of the known animals, about one million species, and many of them are enormously abundant as individuals. It includes such common and well-known forms as the crabs, shrimps, insects, spiders, scorpions, ticks, centipedes, as well as a host of other less familiar forms. The Crustacea, Arachnida and Insecta are kept under an independent group, the Arthropoda. Arthropoda are triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, metamerically segmented animals. Body segments usually bear paired lateral and jointed appendages. Digestive system complete; mouthparts adapted for various modes of feeding. Circulatory system open with a dorsal heart, arteries and blood sinuses. Respiration by general body surface, gills, tracheae or book-lungs. Excretory organs are green glands or Malpighian tubules. Xervous system with a dorsal nerve ring and a double ventral nerve cord. Sexes are general separate and sexual dimorphism is often exhibited by several forms. Fertilization is internal. Development is usually indirect through larval stages. This work in three volumes contains encyclopaedic information on the phylum Arthropoda. The entire information is presented scientifically. Profusely illustrated the authoritative information gathered herein will prove of utmost use to students, teachers ar.d researchers in the field concerned

Climate change has the probable to undermine sustainable development, increase poverty, and delay or prevent the realization of the Millennium Development Goals. An effective way to address the impacts of climate change is by integrating adaptation measures into sustainable development strategies so as to reduce the pressure on natural resources, improve environmental risk management, and increase the social well-being of the poor. Human rights traditionally made a distinction between state and private action. The lines are becoming increasingly blurred as a great deal of "public" power is mirrored in the global scale and enormous power of the private sector to such a degree that it is appropriate to consider the more powerful corporate actors as wielding a form of quasi-state power in relation to which it is necessary to apply human rights responsibilities to those quasi-state actors. In any event, law is one of the fundamental areas through which state power is exercised and for which states should be held accountable for serious deviancy or failure to use state power to act appropriately or to protect citizens from abuses. As the book addresses this crucial issue quite deftly, it is hoped that it would prove to be a source of great information for the reader. It is expected that the book would serve the interests of the students as a source of information for understanding and appreciating the finer aspects of Challenges of Climate Change and Human Rights.