Mathematical Models in Environmental Problems

The present volume is an adaptation of a series of lectures on numerical mathematics which the author has been giving to students of mathematics at the Novosibirsk State University during the span of several years. In dealing with problems of applied and numerical mathematics the author sought to focus his attention on those complicated problems of mathe­ matical physics which, in the course of their solution, can be reduced to simpler and theoretically better developed problems allowing effective algorithmic realization on modern computers. It is usually these kinds of problems that a young practicing scientist runs into after finishing his university studies. Therefore this book is pri­ marily intended for the benefit of those encountering truly complicated problems of mathematical physics for the first time, who may seek help regarding rational approaches to their solution. In writing this book the author has also tried to take into account the needs of scientists and engineers who already have a solid background in practical problems but who lack a systematic knowledge in areas of numerical mathematics and its more general theoretical framework.

The stimulus for the present work is the growing need for more accurate numerical methods. The rapid advances in computer technology have not provided the resources for computations which make use of methods with low accuracy. The computational speed of computers is continually increasing, while memory still remains a problem when one handles large arrays. More accurate numerical methods allow us to reduce the overall computation time by of magnitude. several orders The problem of finding the most efficient methods for the numerical solution of equations, under the assumption of fixed array size, is therefore of paramount importance. Advances in the applied sciences, such as aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, particle transport, and scattering, have increased the demands placed on numerical mathematics. New mathematical models, describing various physical phenomena in greater detail than ever before, create new demands on applied mathematics, and have acted as a major impetus to the development of computer science. For example, when investigating the stability of a fluid flowing around an object one needs to solve the low viscosity form of certain hydrodynamic equations describing the fluid flow. The usual numerical methods for doing so require the introduction of a "computational viscosity," which usually exceeds the physical value; the results obtained thus present a distorted picture of the phenomena under study. A similar situation arises in the study of behavior of the oceans, assuming weak turbulence. Many additional examples of this type can be given.

The stimulus for the present work is the growing need for more accurate numerical methods. The rapid advances in computer technology have not provided the resources for computations which make use of methods with low accuracy. The computational speed of computers is continually increasing, while memory still remains a problem when one handles large arrays. More accurate numerical methods allow us to reduce the overall computation time by of magnitude. several orders The problem of finding the most efficient methods for the numerical solution of equations, under the assumption of fixed array size, is therefore of paramount importance. Advances in the applied sciences, such as aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, particle transport, and scattering, have increased the demands placed on numerical mathematics. New mathematical models, describing various physical phenomena in greater detail than ever before, create new demands on applied mathematics, and have acted as a major impetus to the development of computer science. For example, when investigating the stability of a fluid flowing around an object one needs to solve the low viscosity form of certain hydrodynamic equations describing the fluid flow. The usual numerical methods for doing so require the introduction of a "computational viscosity," which usually exceeds the physical value; the results obtained thus present a distorted picture of the phenomena under study. A similar situation arises in the study of behavior of the oceans, assuming weak turbulence. Many additional examples of this type can be given.

This monograph is devoted to urgent questions of the theory and applications of the Monte Carlo method for solving problems of atmospheric optics and hydrooptics. The importance of these problems has grown because of the increas­ ing need to interpret optical observations, and to estimate radiative balance precisely for weather forecasting. Inhomogeneity and sphericity of the atmos­ phere, absorption in atmospheric layers, multiple scattering and polarization of light, all create difficulties in solving these problems by traditional methods of computational mathematics. Particular difficulty arises when one must solve nonstationary problems of the theory of transfer of narrow beams that are connected with the estimation of spatial location and time characteristics of the radiation field. The most universal method for solving those problems is the Monte Carlo method, which is a numerical simulation of the radiative-transfer process. This process can be regarded as a Markov chain of photon collisions in a medium, which result in scattering or absorption. The Monte Carlo tech­ nique consists in computational simulation of that chain and in constructing statistical estimates of the desired functionals. The authors of this book have contributed to the development of mathemati­ cal methods of simulation and to the interpretation of optical observations. A series of general method using Monte Carlo techniques has been developed. The present book includes theories and algorithms of simulation. Numerical results corroborate the possibilities and give an impressive prospect of the applications of Monte Carlo methods.

The problems of ocean dynamics present more and more com­ plex tasks for investigators, based on the continuously sophisti­ cation of theoretical models, which are applied with the help of universal and efficient algorithms of numerical mathematics. The present level of our knowledge in the field of mathemat­ ical physics and numerical mathematics allows one to give rather complete theoretical analysis of basic statements of problems as well as numerical algorithms. Our task is to perform such analy­ sis and also to analyze the results of calculations in order to improve our knowledge of the mechanism of large-scale hy­ drological processes occurring in the World Ocean. The new level of numerical mathematics has essentially influenced , the formation of new solution methods of ocean dynamics prob­ lems, among which an important one is the splitting method, which has been already widely practised in various fields of science and engineering. A number of monographs by N. N. Yanenko, A. A. Samarsky, G.!. Marchuk (Rozhdestvensky and Yanenko 1968; Samarsky and Andreyev 1976; Marchuk 1970, 1980b) and others are devoted to the description of this methods. But the methods of the splitting theory require extensive creative work for their application to concrete problems, which are peculiar, as a rule, in problem formulation. The success of the application of these methods is related to the deep understanding of the essence of the described processes. In the last decades fundamental works of Arakawa, K.

Mathematical Models in Environmental Problems

The present volume is an adaptation of a series of lectures on numerical mathematics which the author has been giving to students of mathematics at the Novosibirsk State University during the span of several years. In dealing with problems of applied and numerical mathematics the author sought to focus his attention on those complicated problems of mathe­ matical physics which, in the course of their solution, can be reduced to simpler and theoretically better developed problems allowing effective algorithmic realization on modern computers. It is usually these kinds of problems that a young practicing scientist runs into after finishing his university studies. Therefore this book is pri­ marily intended for the benefit of those encountering truly complicated problems of mathematical physics for the first time, who may seek help regarding rational approaches to their solution. In writing this book the author has also tried to take into account the needs of scientists and engineers who already have a solid background in practical problems but who lack a systematic knowledge in areas of numerical mathematics and its more general theoretical framework.

The stimulus for the present work is the growing need for more accurate numerical methods. The rapid advances in computer technology have not provided the resources for computations which make use of methods with low accuracy. The computational speed of computers is continually increasing, while memory still remains a problem when one handles large arrays. More accurate numerical methods allow us to reduce the overall computation time by of magnitude. several orders The problem of finding the most efficient methods for the numerical solution of equations, under the assumption of fixed array size, is therefore of paramount importance. Advances in the applied sciences, such as aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, particle transport, and scattering, have increased the demands placed on numerical mathematics. New mathematical models, describing various physical phenomena in greater detail than ever before, create new demands on applied mathematics, and have acted as a major impetus to the development of computer science. For example, when investigating the stability of a fluid flowing around an object one needs to solve the low viscosity form of certain hydrodynamic equations describing the fluid flow. The usual numerical methods for doing so require the introduction of a "computational viscosity," which usually exceeds the physical value; the results obtained thus present a distorted picture of the phenomena under study. A similar situation arises in the study of behavior of the oceans, assuming weak turbulence. Many additional examples of this type can be given.

The stimulus for the present work is the growing need for more accurate numerical methods. The rapid advances in computer technology have not provided the resources for computations which make use of methods with low accuracy. The computational speed of computers is continually increasing, while memory still remains a problem when one handles large arrays. More accurate numerical methods allow us to reduce the overall computation time by of magnitude. several orders The problem of finding the most efficient methods for the numerical solution of equations, under the assumption of fixed array size, is therefore of paramount importance. Advances in the applied sciences, such as aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, particle transport, and scattering, have increased the demands placed on numerical mathematics. New mathematical models, describing various physical phenomena in greater detail than ever before, create new demands on applied mathematics, and have acted as a major impetus to the development of computer science. For example, when investigating the stability of a fluid flowing around an object one needs to solve the low viscosity form of certain hydrodynamic equations describing the fluid flow. The usual numerical methods for doing so require the introduction of a "computational viscosity," which usually exceeds the physical value; the results obtained thus present a distorted picture of the phenomena under study. A similar situation arises in the study of behavior of the oceans, assuming weak turbulence. Many additional examples of this type can be given.

This monograph is devoted to urgent questions of the theory and applications of the Monte Carlo method for solving problems of atmospheric optics and hydrooptics. The importance of these problems has grown because of the increas­ ing need to interpret optical observations, and to estimate radiative balance precisely for weather forecasting. Inhomogeneity and sphericity of the atmos­ phere, absorption in atmospheric layers, multiple scattering and polarization of light, all create difficulties in solving these problems by traditional methods of computational mathematics. Particular difficulty arises when one must solve nonstationary problems of the theory of transfer of narrow beams that are connected with the estimation of spatial location and time characteristics of the radiation field. The most universal method for solving those problems is the Monte Carlo method, which is a numerical simulation of the radiative-transfer process. This process can be regarded as a Markov chain of photon collisions in a medium, which result in scattering or absorption. The Monte Carlo tech­ nique consists in computational simulation of that chain and in constructing statistical estimates of the desired functionals. The authors of this book have contributed to the development of mathemati­ cal methods of simulation and to the interpretation of optical observations. A series of general method using Monte Carlo techniques has been developed. The present book includes theories and algorithms of simulation. Numerical results corroborate the possibilities and give an impressive prospect of the applications of Monte Carlo methods.

The problems of ocean dynamics present more and more com­ plex tasks for investigators, based on the continuously sophisti­ cation of theoretical models, which are applied with the help of universal and efficient algorithms of numerical mathematics. The present level of our knowledge in the field of mathemat­ ical physics and numerical mathematics allows one to give rather complete theoretical analysis of basic statements of problems as well as numerical algorithms. Our task is to perform such analy­ sis and also to analyze the results of calculations in order to improve our knowledge of the mechanism of large-scale hy­ drological processes occurring in the World Ocean. The new level of numerical mathematics has essentially influenced , the formation of new solution methods of ocean dynamics prob­ lems, among which an important one is the splitting method, which has been already widely practised in various fields of science and engineering. A number of monographs by N. N. Yanenko, A. A. Samarsky, G.!. Marchuk (Rozhdestvensky and Yanenko 1968; Samarsky and Andreyev 1976; Marchuk 1970, 1980b) and others are devoted to the description of this methods. But the methods of the splitting theory require extensive creative work for their application to concrete problems, which are peculiar, as a rule, in problem formulation. The success of the application of these methods is related to the deep understanding of the essence of the described processes. In the last decades fundamental works of Arakawa, K.