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There is a paradox in American Christianity. According to Gallup, nearly eight in ten Americans regard the Bible as either the literal word of God or the inspired by God. At the same time, surveys have revealed gaps in these same Americans' biblical literacy. These discrepancies reveal the complex relationship between American Christians and Holy Writ, a subject that is widely acknowledged but rarely investigated.The Bible in American Life is a sustained, collaborative reflection on the ways Americans use the Bible in their personal lives. It also considers how other influences, including religious communities and the internet, shape individuals' comprehension of scripture. Employing both quantitative methods (the General Social Survey and the National Congregations Study) and qualitative research (historical studies for context), The Bible in American Life provides an unprecedented perspective on the Bible's role outside of worship, in the lived religion of a broad cross-section of Americans both now and in the past.The Bible has been central to Christian practice, and has functioned as a cultural touchstone, throughout American history, but too little is known about how people engage it every day. How do people read the Bible for themselves outside of worship? How have denominational and parachurch publications influenced the interpretation and application of scripture? How have clergy and congregations influenced individual understandings of scripture? These questions are especially pressing in a time when denominations are losing much of their traditional cultural authority, technology is changing reading and cognitive habits, and subjective experience is continuing to eclipse textual authority as the mark of true religion. From the broadest scale imaginable, national survey data about all Americans, down to the smallest details, such as the portrayal of Noah and his ark in children's Bibles, this book offers insight and illumination from scholars across the intellectual spectrum. It will be useful and informative for scholars seeking to understand changes in American Christianity as well as clergy seeking more effective ways to preach and teach about scripture in a changing environment.
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This book was originally published in 1983. Few groups of organisms have been more successful in forming intimate symbioses with other organisms than the evolutionarily diverse group, the algae. Within every division of these organisms, and in every community they inhabit, symbiotic interactions have evolved, in some cases having profound effects on the ecosystem. Algal symbioses form a continuum, each interaction being a function of the evolutionary history of the separate 'players' as well as the partnership. Each algal symbiosis is unique; although symbioses may be described, they cannot necessarily be categorized. In fact, it is arguable that attempts to do so may obscure the true physiological and genetic nature of the interaction, and bias the scientific objectivity necessary for the required experimental studies of this association. Symbiotic systems provide biologists with tools to study biological phenomena, and are central to understanding cell biology and the origins of innovation in evolution.