Gustav Le Bon – författare

The outbreak of World War I saw the collapse of socialist notions of class solidarity and reaffirmed the enduring strength of nationalism. The workers of the world did not unite, but turned on one another and slaughtered their fellows in what was then the bloodiest war in history. There have been many efforts to explain the outbreak of war in 1914, but few from so intimate a perspective as LeBon's. He examines such questions as why German scholars tried to deny Germany's obvious guilt in the war, and what explained the remarkable resolve of the French army to persevere in the face of unprecedented adversity.To such questions, LeBon proposes answers built upon principles well articulated in the larger body of his work. He transforms the character of the debate by demonstrating how psychological principles explain more persuasively both the causes of German academic ignominy and the origins of French valor. Convinced as he was that only psychology could illuminate collective behavior, LeBon dismisses purely economic or political interpretations as ill-conceived and inadequate precisely because they fail to appreciate the role of psychology in the collective behavior of national statesmen, prominent scholars, and ordinary soldiers.The Psychology of the Great War provides a bridge to study both crowd behavior and battlefield behavior by illustrating how ordinary people are transformed into savages by great events. This element in LeBon's thinking influenced Georges Sorel's thinking, as he had seen the same phenomenon in those who participated in general strikes and revolutions. And in a later period and different context, Hannah Arendt gave this strange capacity of the ordinary to be transformed into the extraordinary the name "banality of evil." The book will be of interest to social theorists, psychologists concerned with group behavior, and historians of the period.

In his book "The Psychology of the Masses", social psychologist Gustav Lebon puts his opinions about the masses as an emerging social phenomenon on the scene of history, which he moved according to its will and managing it. He criticized the prevailing idea of ​​his time that people are rationally moving, and thinking about his interests logically when they practice political action, or gather in large gatherings and parties. Stressing that the human masses, according to their affiliations, and their cultural circles are unreasonable, but rather pushed spontaneously and strongly, so ideas reject or accept them at once on unrealistic foundations.

1895 erschien sein bedeutendstes Werk "Die Psychologie der Massen", das ihn zum Begründer der sog. "Massenpsychologie" machen sollte. Der Einfluss seines Werkes ist beträchtlich: es wurde zur Pflichtlektüre für alle, denen es um eine gewisse Wirkung in der Öffentlichkeit geht – damit auch für Politiker und Diktatoren, die es zur Verfeinerung ihrer Propagandatechniken einsetzten.

The philosopher and historian, the scholar Dr. Gustav Lebon, believed that it is difficult to write the history of the French revolution or in the spirit of revolutions without being seen by the opinions, principles and analyzes that no one had previously included. From Lebon''s opinion that the fruit that was extracted after carrying out a lot of sabotage during the French Revolution, it must eventually be attained with the course of civilization without great trouble, that is, Lebon says the principle of gradual development to win what the violence may not lead to, and what the revolutions end to From the results, the subconscious maturity may be emotional in its previous ones, so the revolutions will be without violence and injustice. Accordingly, Lubon calls the revolutions on political, religious and scientific coups, as it determines the matter of governments and the nation in the revolutions, and it does not lose sight of providing a statement revealing what the revolutions prevail in fear, keenness, envy, pride and enthusiasm, as it examines the spirit of the revolutionary groups and councils.

A book on sociology of the French historian Gustav Lebon, in which he deals with the characteristics of psychological veins, the limits that change with their morals, the spirit of veins and how to derive systems from them, their historical composition and the system of their ranks. It deals with the gradual disparity of individuals in the veins system, and discusses how psychological morals are evident in various elements of civilizations, which are an external appearance of the spirit of the nation, and how to transform systems, religions, languages ​​and arts. Gustav discussed the derivation of the history of nations from its morals, and presented an application to derive systems from the nation''s spirit on the comparative research in the development of the United States of America and the Spanish Republics, and the role of changing the spirit of veins in the development of nations throughout history. He indicated that each race has a psychological feature inherited, as he inherits biological characteristics, where individuals inherit the psychological mood of their predecessors. The book touched on the influence of ideas on the lives of nations, the role of religious beliefs in the development of civilizations, and the role of the great men in it. Then he searches for the dissolution and degradation of the ethics of the veins, and the reasons that led to extinguishing the flame of ancient civilizations throughout history.

In his book "Opinions and Beliefs", the doctor and historian Gustav Lebon deals with several concepts related to the opinions and beliefs of individuals, then provides their divisions, and provides an experimental investigation related to the formation of beliefs and the creation and emotional events that arise from them. Gustave explains the types of instincts that will direct individuals towards certain beliefs, and move them towards collective or individual opinions, as these engines deal with the details of their careful work and influences that call for collision with each other or consensus within the framework of societies. It shows a person''s relationship with his opinions and beliefs that he believes in, and evacuates the differences between opinions, beliefs and knowledge, as it provides their manifestations on the behaviors and psychology of individuals. It discusses the issue of individual opinion, explaining its concept, which is considered the privacy of its most prominent manifestations, and the influences that would define these specifics among individuals, based on the impact of this on the opinions of groups, or public opinion for them. Gustav deals with ways to spread opinions between groups and the means of promotion used to transfer them, and discusses the continuity of their effectiveness through innovative social communication mechanisms.

Gustav Lebon says in his book "The Speech of the Speech": "The purpose of this book is to summarize some of the ideas scattered in my books of all kinds, and highlight them in the form of universal issues, because the brief formulas are taken with pulp, and they remain in the memory, and therefore the mosques of the word in the world of literature. The mind is the most prescribed facts, I mean the images of information in it in the form of brief ideas, and people have been summarizing their experiences in issues and wisdom send examples, they are mosques of the words of the nations, so one thinks by brief issues, and in his life is driven by them, because it exempts him from The prolongation of thinking before doing the act of what he wants. Besides these advantages, it is harmful, the proverb is a summary of reports that one should evoke, and if it is easy to visualize the evidence, the proverb was a self -evident form, and if difficulty eating this, it is not possible to understand what is meant by it, and it appears from that that it only benefits in It is often evoked by the overall intuitive facts, and this is the reality in most examples, but I did not refrain from including some issues, although it is difficult to realize their purpose at first sight. "

A book on sociology of historian Gustav Le Bon, translated by Professor Adel Zuaiter, deals with the intention and the way in the spirit of politics, the requirements of the economy and the theories of politics, and talks about the intellectual factors in the world of politics, the source of laws and legislative delusions, and the disadvantages of laws. The book discusses the matter of fear in the world of politics, the emergence of divine rights, and psychological factors in the military and economic battles, and the book addresses the psychological impact of university education. The contents of the book diversify the popular government, the elite of men and groups, the mood of the psychological workers, and displays modern forms of the desires of peoples, as it talks about exacerbation of tyranny, socialist and trade union delusions, and the development of chaotic trade union. He talks about the colonial principles, expressing the results of the application of European education to the delayed peoples, the results of the application of Europe''s systems and their religious principles to these peoples, as well as social dissolution and social chaos, by discussing the exacerbation of crimes, political killing, and religious persecution. It is clear that the book included a set of central issues, most notably what related to the tyranny of repressive regimes, and the rejection of European socialist currents to monopolize capitalist movements of the capabilities of governance.

For the writer and historian Gustav Lebon, it offers classifications to groups based on scientific rules, deals with the spirit of groups and public advantages for them, and the law of intellectual and psychological unity, and Gustav addresses their feelings and morals that will formulate the history and heritage of nations, the book talks about the ideas of the groups, their rationality, their imaginations, the fluctuation, and the volatility Its beliefs and ideas, as it deals with the general heavens of it, referring to the religious dye that adapts its beliefs, and pays great attention to the extent of the impact of customs and traditions on the attitudes of groups, because traditions are based on crowd and unifying intellectual and motor currents. It deals with the leaders of the groups and their methods of persuasion, and gives divisions for groups and shows their types, talking about the criminal groups, which take behaviors that amount to criminality after a time has passed and it is in a specific stereotype, so a decline in a decline that makes it an unpopular deaf machine to move it, the book deals with justice. Located in front of criminal courts, election groups, and parliamentary councils. It explains the extent of its influence on the ideas that come from clarifying certain symbols and signs, which in its role in influencing their guidance in life.

"The Civilization of the Arabs" is a book in the history and civilization of the Arabs, written by the French historian Gustav Lebon, and it was translated into Arabic Adel Zuaiter, and deals with the environments of the Arabs and their races, talking about the Arabian Peninsula, and their conditions before the appearance of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace. It is exposed to the lives of Arabs throughout history in all aspects, and their glories that they have erected with the succession of the ages. And the sources of the power of the Arabs, then he talks about the emergence of the Arab state after the emergence of the Prophet of Islam, and the Holy Qur''an, as it states and discusses the conquests of the Arabs, following its events and results. It dates to the Arab state in Syria, Baghdad, Persia, India, Egypt, Northern Africa, Arabs in Spanish, and Arabs in Sicily, Italian and France. Then he deals with the conflict of Christianity and Islam. It deals with the natures of the Arabs, their systems and their customs, and talks about the people of the Bedouins, the people of the countryside and cities, and the Arab political and social systems, and discusses their religion and morals. It also addresses comprehensive topics such as: sources of Arab acquaintances from their education and curricula, language and philosophy, athletes and astronomy, physics and its applications, natural and medical sciences, architecture, the Arabs of Europe and their influence in the East and West.

Gustav Lebon is a French doctor and historian, worked in Europe, Asia and North Africa, wrote in archaeology and anthropology, and I mean an Eastern civilization, and it was known as one of the most famous philosophers of the West who did justice Islam is on the Western world, but Loubon, who traveled in the Islamic world and has social investigations, acknowledged that Muslims were the one who condemned Europe, so he saw that the era of the golden Arabs would send his shrine, and to show it to the world in his true form. One of its most famous effects in this field was the book "Civilizations of India", in which it presents a comprehensive historical presentation of analysis and criticism of the developments of religious and social systems in India and the factors of these developments, and also discusses historical incidents and natural incidents, and sends ancient generations with what he ended with writings, inscriptions and drawings And by displaying pictures of some of the effects of those ancient countries that formed a plant for many beliefs and religions. It is worth noting that the translation of Professor Adel Zuaiter this work from French to Arabic is no less creative than the work of the author himself, it is an elaborate and honest translation, and it is easy to avoid thumb and complexity.