Epilepsy is among the most common scourges afflicting the health of humankind and perhaps the most terrifying. In one form or another, it is suffered by one in everyone hundred people on earth, with a disproportionate prevalence at the early and late extremes of life. There is nothing sacred or sanctifying about it in spite of Hippoc­ rates'' terming epilepsy "The Sacred Disease" in a famous treatise. There is nothing ennobling about it despite its occasional designa­ tion as a "noble disorder" by virtue of i ts having affected the likes of Alexander of Macedon, Julius Caesar and other persons of royal lineage. From time to time, epilepsy is hailed as a condition which is artistically inspirational; Fyodor Dostoyevsky''s dependence on his own personal experience with complex partial epilepsy as a source of imagery in the transfiguration scenes of The Brothers Karamazov and as a source of experience in The Idiot is often cited in this respect. In fact, for all its victims in human history, epilepsy has been a sad burden which has disrupted and shortened life, causing suffering and castigation for the duration of their terrestrial journey.

Epilepsy is among the most common scourges afflicting the health of humankind and perhaps the most terrifying. In one form or another, it is suffered by one in everyone hundred people on earth, with a disproportionate prevalence at the early and late extremes of life. There is nothing sacred or sanctifying about it in spite of Hippoc­ rates' terming epilepsy "The Sacred Disease" in a famous treatise. There is nothing ennobling about it despite its occasional designa­ tion as a "noble disorder" by virtue of i ts having affected the likes of Alexander of Macedon, Julius Caesar and other persons of royal lineage. From time to time, epilepsy is hailed as a condition which is artistically inspirational; Fyodor Dostoyevsky's dependence on his own personal experience with complex partial epilepsy as a source of imagery in the transfiguration scenes of The Brothers Karamazov and as a source of experience in The Idiot is often cited in this respect. In fact, for all its victims in human history, epilepsy has been a sad burden which has disrupted and shortened life, causing suffering and castigation for the duration of their terrestrial journey.

Over the last twenty to thirty years the progressivcly increasing availability of averaging machines has made evoked potential testing available not only in the major neurological diagnostic centers but also in the office of many neuro­ logists in private practice. This rapid devclopment was closely paralleled by clinical research in evoked potentials and the publishing of books covering in detail the basic techniques necessary to obtain evoked potentials and the main clinical applications of evoked potentials. Less work was done, however, to define some of the general principles underlying the recording of evoked potentials or to analyze critically the recording techniques or the actual prac­ tical value of the information provided by evoked potential testing. In this book an attempt has been made to cover this gap. It is assumed that the reader has a good understanding of basic recording techniques and is familiar with the main applications of clinical evoked potentials. The main emphasis of the first two chapters is to define with more precision some of the physical principles that inftuence the volta ge distribution and are used for defining the generator sources of evoked potentials. This is followed by a critical analysis of recording techniques and of its main clinical applications. Finally there is one chapter that gives an overview on application of evoked potentials for surgical monitoring. This is a rapidly growing field that also has been covered only incomplctcly in previous publications.

Over the last twenty to thirty years the progressivcly increasing availability of averaging machines has made evoked potential testing available not only in the major neurological diagnostic centers but also in the office of many neuro­ logists in private practice. This rapid devclopment was closely paralleled by clinical research in evoked potentials and the publishing of books covering in detail the basic techniques necessary to obtain evoked potentials and the main clinical applications of evoked potentials. Less work was done, however, to define some of the general principles underlying the recording of evoked potentials or to analyze critically the recording techniques or the actual prac­ tical value of the information provided by evoked potential testing. In this book an attempt has been made to cover this gap. It is assumed that the reader has a good understanding of basic recording techniques and is familiar with the main applications of clinical evoked potentials. The main emphasis of the first two chapters is to define with more precision some of the physical principles that inftuence the volta ge distribution and are used for defining the generator sources of evoked potentials. This is followed by a critical analysis of recording techniques and of its main clinical applications. Finally there is one chapter that gives an overview on application of evoked potentials for surgical monitoring. This is a rapidly growing field that also has been covered only incomplctcly in previous publications.

A 'generalised seizure' corresponds to an ictal manifestation whose initial semeiology indicates or is consistent with more than minimal involvement of both cerebral hemispheres. A 'network' is a functionally and automatically connected set of cortical and subcortical brain regions in which activity in any one part affects activity in all others. A 'system' is a group of independent but interrelated elements (networks) comprising a unified whole. A considerable amount of evidence supports the existence of cortical and subcortical networks in the genesis, expression and control of generalised seizures. Animal and human data suggested that the so-called generalised seizures involve selective networks while sparing others. A greater understanding of those systems and networks is thoroughly debated in this book.

Epilepsy is among the most common scourges afflicting the health of humankind and perhaps the most terrifying. In one form or another, it is suffered by one in everyone hundred people on earth, with a disproportionate prevalence at the early and late extremes of life. There is nothing sacred or sanctifying about it in spite of Hippoc­ rates'' terming epilepsy "The Sacred Disease" in a famous treatise. There is nothing ennobling about it despite its occasional designa­ tion as a "noble disorder" by virtue of i ts having affected the likes of Alexander of Macedon, Julius Caesar and other persons of royal lineage. From time to time, epilepsy is hailed as a condition which is artistically inspirational; Fyodor Dostoyevsky''s dependence on his own personal experience with complex partial epilepsy as a source of imagery in the transfiguration scenes of The Brothers Karamazov and as a source of experience in The Idiot is often cited in this respect. In fact, for all its victims in human history, epilepsy has been a sad burden which has disrupted and shortened life, causing suffering and castigation for the duration of their terrestrial journey.

Epilepsy is among the most common scourges afflicting the health of humankind and perhaps the most terrifying. In one form or another, it is suffered by one in everyone hundred people on earth, with a disproportionate prevalence at the early and late extremes of life. There is nothing sacred or sanctifying about it in spite of Hippoc­ rates' terming epilepsy "The Sacred Disease" in a famous treatise. There is nothing ennobling about it despite its occasional designa­ tion as a "noble disorder" by virtue of i ts having affected the likes of Alexander of Macedon, Julius Caesar and other persons of royal lineage. From time to time, epilepsy is hailed as a condition which is artistically inspirational; Fyodor Dostoyevsky's dependence on his own personal experience with complex partial epilepsy as a source of imagery in the transfiguration scenes of The Brothers Karamazov and as a source of experience in The Idiot is often cited in this respect. In fact, for all its victims in human history, epilepsy has been a sad burden which has disrupted and shortened life, causing suffering and castigation for the duration of their terrestrial journey.

Over the last twenty to thirty years the progressivcly increasing availability of averaging machines has made evoked potential testing available not only in the major neurological diagnostic centers but also in the office of many neuro­ logists in private practice. This rapid devclopment was closely paralleled by clinical research in evoked potentials and the publishing of books covering in detail the basic techniques necessary to obtain evoked potentials and the main clinical applications of evoked potentials. Less work was done, however, to define some of the general principles underlying the recording of evoked potentials or to analyze critically the recording techniques or the actual prac­ tical value of the information provided by evoked potential testing. In this book an attempt has been made to cover this gap. It is assumed that the reader has a good understanding of basic recording techniques and is familiar with the main applications of clinical evoked potentials. The main emphasis of the first two chapters is to define with more precision some of the physical principles that inftuence the volta ge distribution and are used for defining the generator sources of evoked potentials. This is followed by a critical analysis of recording techniques and of its main clinical applications. Finally there is one chapter that gives an overview on application of evoked potentials for surgical monitoring. This is a rapidly growing field that also has been covered only incomplctcly in previous publications.

Over the last twenty to thirty years the progressivcly increasing availability of averaging machines has made evoked potential testing available not only in the major neurological diagnostic centers but also in the office of many neuro­ logists in private practice. This rapid devclopment was closely paralleled by clinical research in evoked potentials and the publishing of books covering in detail the basic techniques necessary to obtain evoked potentials and the main clinical applications of evoked potentials. Less work was done, however, to define some of the general principles underlying the recording of evoked potentials or to analyze critically the recording techniques or the actual prac­ tical value of the information provided by evoked potential testing. In this book an attempt has been made to cover this gap. It is assumed that the reader has a good understanding of basic recording techniques and is familiar with the main applications of clinical evoked potentials. The main emphasis of the first two chapters is to define with more precision some of the physical principles that inftuence the volta ge distribution and are used for defining the generator sources of evoked potentials. This is followed by a critical analysis of recording techniques and of its main clinical applications. Finally there is one chapter that gives an overview on application of evoked potentials for surgical monitoring. This is a rapidly growing field that also has been covered only incomplctcly in previous publications.

A 'generalised seizure' corresponds to an ictal manifestation whose initial semeiology indicates or is consistent with more than minimal involvement of both cerebral hemispheres. A 'network' is a functionally and automatically connected set of cortical and subcortical brain regions in which activity in any one part affects activity in all others. A 'system' is a group of independent but interrelated elements (networks) comprising a unified whole. A considerable amount of evidence supports the existence of cortical and subcortical networks in the genesis, expression and control of generalised seizures. Animal and human data suggested that the so-called generalised seizures involve selective networks while sparing others. A greater understanding of those systems and networks is thoroughly debated in this book.