Successful businesses and organizations are continually looking for ways to improve service and customer satisfaction in order to achieve long-term customer loyalty. In light of these goals, software developers must ask the question: how does customer orientation influence traditional approaches, methods, and principles of software development? In this book, a leading software architect and his team of software engineers describe how the idea of customer orientation in an organization leads to the creation of application-oriented software. This book describes what application-oriented software development is and how it can be conceptually and constructively designed with object-oriented techniques. It goes further to describe how to best fit together the many different methodologies and techniques that have been created for object-orientation (such as frameworks, platforms, components, UML, Unified Process, design patterns, and eXtreme Programming) to design and build software for real projects. This book brings together the best of research, development, and day-to-day project work to the task of building large software systems.*Written by and for developers of large, interactive, and long-lived software systems*Includes patterns of proven analysis, design, and documentation techniques*Shows how to develop an appropriate design approach and concrete software development techniques

The present book is based on the conference Software Development and Reality Construction held at SchloB Eringerfeld in Germany, September 25 - 30, 1988. This was organized by the Technical University of Berlin (TUB) in cooperation with the German National Research Center for Computer Science (GMD), Sankt Augustin, and sponsored by the Volkswagen Foundation whose financial support we gratefully acknowledge. The conference was an interdisciplinary scientific and cultural event aimed at promoting discussion on the nature of computer science as a scientific discipline and on the theoretical foundations and systemic practice required for human-oriented system design. In keeping with the conversational style of the conference, the book comprises a series of individual contributions, arranged so as to form a coherent whole. Some authors reflect on their practice in computer science and system design. Others start from approaches developed in the humanities and the social sciences for understanding human learning and creativity, individual and cooperative work, and the interrelation between technology and organizations. Thus, each contribution makes its specific point and can be read on its own merit. But, at the same time, it takes its place as a chapter in the book, along with all the other contributions, to give what seemed to us a meaningful overall line of argumentation. This required careful editorial coordination, and we are grateful to all the authors for bearing with us throughout the slow genesis of the book and for complying with our requests for extensive revision of some of the manuscripts.

The present book is based on the conference Software Development and Reality Construction held at SchloB Eringerfeld in Germany, September 25 - 30, 1988. This was organized by the Technical University of Berlin (TUB) in cooperation with the German National Research Center for Computer Science (GMD), Sankt Augustin, and sponsored by the Volkswagen Foundation whose financial support we gratefully acknowledge. The conference was an interdisciplinary scientific and cultural event aimed at promoting discussion on the nature of computer science as a scientific discipline and on the theoretical foundations and systemic practice required for human-oriented system design. In keeping with the conversational style of the conference, the book comprises a series of individual contributions, arranged so as to form a coherent whole. Some authors reflect on their practice in computer science and system design. Others start from approaches developed in the humanities and the social sciences for understanding human learning and creativity, individual and cooperative work, and the interrelation between technology and organizations. Thus, each contribution makes its specific point and can be read on its own merit. But, at the same time, it takes its place as a chapter in the book, along with all the other contributions, to give what seemed to us a meaningful overall line of argumentation. This required careful editorial coordination, and we are grateful to all the authors for bearing with us throughout the slow genesis of the book and for complying with our requests for extensive revision of some of the manuscripts.

Prototyping is an approach used in evolutionary systemdevelopment. In this book, the authors show which forms ofprototyping can be employed to tackle which problems. Theytake a look at the tools used in everyday softwaredevelopment with a view to determining their suitability forprototyping, and attempt to elucidate prototyping as amethodological concept.Part I of the book looks at prototyping as an approach forconstructing and evaluating models. Traditional approachesand phase-oriented life cycle plans are discussed.Prototyping overcomes fundamental problems associated withlife cycle plans. The authors present their own concept ofevolutionary system development.Part II shows to what extent technical support ofevolutionary system development is possible. Various toolsfor supporting prototyping are discussed and prospectivetrends are indicated. Criteria are listed to help the readerchoose between the various development environmentscurrently available or likely to become available in thenear future. Case studies are used to illustrate howprototype construction can be integrated in softwareprojects.

Prototyping is an approach used in evolutionary systemdevelopment. In this book, the authors show which forms ofprototyping can be employed to tackle which problems. Theytake a look at the tools used in everyday softwaredevelopment with a view to determining their suitability forprototyping, and attempt to elucidate prototyping as amethodological concept.Part I of the book looks at prototyping as an approach forconstructing and evaluating models. Traditional approachesand phase-oriented life cycle plans are discussed.Prototyping overcomes fundamental problems associated withlife cycle plans. The authors present their own concept ofevolutionary system development.Part II shows to what extent technical support ofevolutionary system development is possible. Various toolsfor supporting prototyping are discussed and prospectivetrends are indicated. Criteria are listed to help the readerchoose between the various development environmentscurrently available or likely to become available in thenear future. Case studies are used to illustrate howprototype construction can be integrated in softwareprojects.

1 Dieses Buch wendet sich an DV-Manager , Leiter von Entwicklungsprojekten und Praktiker, die über die Einführung von objektorientierter Systementwicklung in ihren Unternehmen nachdenken, um ihnen Möglichkeiten für eine betriebliche Umsetzung aufzuzeigen. Das Buch soll insbesondere dazu dienen, innovativen Entscheidungsträgern aufzuzeigen, daß die Einführung objektorientierter Techni­ ken "hier und jetzt" möglich ist, um damit qualitativ hochwertige Software­ systeme herzustellen. Das vorliegende Buch basiert auf dem Text einer Studie, die im zweiten Halbjahr 1992 im Auftrag der ARAG Allgemeine Rechtschutz-Versicherungen AG Düssel­ dorf erstellt wurde. Ziel der Studie war, dem DV-Management der ARAG eine Entscheidungshilfe für die methodische Ausrichtung der informationstechnischen Infrastruktur für die nächsten Jahre zu liefern, wobei der Schwerpunkt bei der Strukturierung und Entwicklung von Anwendungssystemen lag. Die Studie ist das Ergebnis der Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Bereich "Beratung Methoden & Tools" der ALLDATA Unternehmensberatung GmbH in Düsseldorf, dem Ar­ beitsbereich Softwaretechnik am Fachbereich Informatik der Universität Ham­ burg sowie dem Projekt "Werkstatt für objektorientierte Konstruktion" (WoK) im Institut für Systementwurfstechnik der Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung (GMD) in Birlinghoven. Dieses Buch ist demnach kein wissenschaftlicher Originalbeitrag. Dies war auch nicht unser Anliegen. Wir haben vielmehr mit Blick auf die angestrebte Leser­ schaft für dieses Buch solche Texte, Berichte und Unterlagen zusammengestellt und systematisch aufgearbeitet, die in unserer Arbeit als praxisrelevante Beiträge entstanden sind. Verschiedene Anteile des Buches sind demnach in der "Rohform" bereits auf Konferenzenoder in Zeitschriften veröffentlicht worden. Wir gehen jedoch davon aus, daß sie einem breiteren, interessierten Fachpublikum bisher nicht einfach zugänglich waren.

Successful businesses and organizations are continually looking for ways to improve service and customer satisfaction in order to achieve long-term customer loyalty. In light of these goals, software developers must ask the question: how does customer orientation influence traditional approaches, methods, and principles of software development? In this book, a leading software architect and his team of software engineers describe how the idea of customer orientation in an organization leads to the creation of application-oriented software. This book describes what application-oriented software development is and how it can be conceptually and constructively designed with object-oriented techniques. It goes further to describe how to best fit together the many different methodologies and techniques that have been created for object-orientation (such as frameworks, platforms, components, UML, Unified Process, design patterns, and eXtreme Programming) to design and build software for real projects. This book brings together the best of research, development, and day-to-day project work to the task of building large software systems.*Written by and for developers of large, interactive, and long-lived software systems*Includes patterns of proven analysis, design, and documentation techniques*Shows how to develop an appropriate design approach and concrete software development techniques

The present book is based on the conference Software Development and Reality Construction held at SchloB Eringerfeld in Germany, September 25 - 30, 1988. This was organized by the Technical University of Berlin (TUB) in cooperation with the German National Research Center for Computer Science (GMD), Sankt Augustin, and sponsored by the Volkswagen Foundation whose financial support we gratefully acknowledge. The conference was an interdisciplinary scientific and cultural event aimed at promoting discussion on the nature of computer science as a scientific discipline and on the theoretical foundations and systemic practice required for human-oriented system design. In keeping with the conversational style of the conference, the book comprises a series of individual contributions, arranged so as to form a coherent whole. Some authors reflect on their practice in computer science and system design. Others start from approaches developed in the humanities and the social sciences for understanding human learning and creativity, individual and cooperative work, and the interrelation between technology and organizations. Thus, each contribution makes its specific point and can be read on its own merit. But, at the same time, it takes its place as a chapter in the book, along with all the other contributions, to give what seemed to us a meaningful overall line of argumentation. This required careful editorial coordination, and we are grateful to all the authors for bearing with us throughout the slow genesis of the book and for complying with our requests for extensive revision of some of the manuscripts.

The present book is based on the conference Software Development and Reality Construction held at SchloB Eringerfeld in Germany, September 25 - 30, 1988. This was organized by the Technical University of Berlin (TUB) in cooperation with the German National Research Center for Computer Science (GMD), Sankt Augustin, and sponsored by the Volkswagen Foundation whose financial support we gratefully acknowledge. The conference was an interdisciplinary scientific and cultural event aimed at promoting discussion on the nature of computer science as a scientific discipline and on the theoretical foundations and systemic practice required for human-oriented system design. In keeping with the conversational style of the conference, the book comprises a series of individual contributions, arranged so as to form a coherent whole. Some authors reflect on their practice in computer science and system design. Others start from approaches developed in the humanities and the social sciences for understanding human learning and creativity, individual and cooperative work, and the interrelation between technology and organizations. Thus, each contribution makes its specific point and can be read on its own merit. But, at the same time, it takes its place as a chapter in the book, along with all the other contributions, to give what seemed to us a meaningful overall line of argumentation. This required careful editorial coordination, and we are grateful to all the authors for bearing with us throughout the slow genesis of the book and for complying with our requests for extensive revision of some of the manuscripts.

Prototyping is an approach used in evolutionary systemdevelopment. In this book, the authors show which forms ofprototyping can be employed to tackle which problems. Theytake a look at the tools used in everyday softwaredevelopment with a view to determining their suitability forprototyping, and attempt to elucidate prototyping as amethodological concept.Part I of the book looks at prototyping as an approach forconstructing and evaluating models. Traditional approachesand phase-oriented life cycle plans are discussed.Prototyping overcomes fundamental problems associated withlife cycle plans. The authors present their own concept ofevolutionary system development.Part II shows to what extent technical support ofevolutionary system development is possible. Various toolsfor supporting prototyping are discussed and prospectivetrends are indicated. Criteria are listed to help the readerchoose between the various development environmentscurrently available or likely to become available in thenear future. Case studies are used to illustrate howprototype construction can be integrated in softwareprojects.

Prototyping is an approach used in evolutionary systemdevelopment. In this book, the authors show which forms ofprototyping can be employed to tackle which problems. Theytake a look at the tools used in everyday softwaredevelopment with a view to determining their suitability forprototyping, and attempt to elucidate prototyping as amethodological concept.Part I of the book looks at prototyping as an approach forconstructing and evaluating models. Traditional approachesand phase-oriented life cycle plans are discussed.Prototyping overcomes fundamental problems associated withlife cycle plans. The authors present their own concept ofevolutionary system development.Part II shows to what extent technical support ofevolutionary system development is possible. Various toolsfor supporting prototyping are discussed and prospectivetrends are indicated. Criteria are listed to help the readerchoose between the various development environmentscurrently available or likely to become available in thenear future. Case studies are used to illustrate howprototype construction can be integrated in softwareprojects.

1 Dieses Buch wendet sich an DV-Manager , Leiter von Entwicklungsprojekten und Praktiker, die über die Einführung von objektorientierter Systementwicklung in ihren Unternehmen nachdenken, um ihnen Möglichkeiten für eine betriebliche Umsetzung aufzuzeigen. Das Buch soll insbesondere dazu dienen, innovativen Entscheidungsträgern aufzuzeigen, daß die Einführung objektorientierter Techni­ ken "hier und jetzt" möglich ist, um damit qualitativ hochwertige Software­ systeme herzustellen. Das vorliegende Buch basiert auf dem Text einer Studie, die im zweiten Halbjahr 1992 im Auftrag der ARAG Allgemeine Rechtschutz-Versicherungen AG Düssel­ dorf erstellt wurde. Ziel der Studie war, dem DV-Management der ARAG eine Entscheidungshilfe für die methodische Ausrichtung der informationstechnischen Infrastruktur für die nächsten Jahre zu liefern, wobei der Schwerpunkt bei der Strukturierung und Entwicklung von Anwendungssystemen lag. Die Studie ist das Ergebnis der Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Bereich "Beratung Methoden & Tools" der ALLDATA Unternehmensberatung GmbH in Düsseldorf, dem Ar­ beitsbereich Softwaretechnik am Fachbereich Informatik der Universität Ham­ burg sowie dem Projekt "Werkstatt für objektorientierte Konstruktion" (WoK) im Institut für Systementwurfstechnik der Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung (GMD) in Birlinghoven. Dieses Buch ist demnach kein wissenschaftlicher Originalbeitrag. Dies war auch nicht unser Anliegen. Wir haben vielmehr mit Blick auf die angestrebte Leser­ schaft für dieses Buch solche Texte, Berichte und Unterlagen zusammengestellt und systematisch aufgearbeitet, die in unserer Arbeit als praxisrelevante Beiträge entstanden sind. Verschiedene Anteile des Buches sind demnach in der "Rohform" bereits auf Konferenzenoder in Zeitschriften veröffentlicht worden. Wir gehen jedoch davon aus, daß sie einem breiteren, interessierten Fachpublikum bisher nicht einfach zugänglich waren.