Herwig Schopper – författare

This third open access volume of the handbook series deals with accelerator physics, design, technology and operations, as well as with beam optics, dynamics and diagnostics.A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the “Particle Physics Reference Library” provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of thefield approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access

This third open access volume of the handbook series deals with accelerator physics, design, technology and operations, as well as with beam optics, dynamics and diagnostics.A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the “Particle Physics Reference Library” provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of thefield approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access

This second open access volume of the handbook series deals with detectors, large experimental facilities and data handling, both for accelerator and non-accelerator based experiments. It also covers applications in medicine and life sciences. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the “Particle Physics Reference Library” provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access.

This second open access volume of the handbook series deals with detectors, large experimental facilities and data handling, both for accelerator and non-accelerator based experiments. It also covers applications in medicine and life sciences. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the “Particle Physics Reference Library” provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access.

This first open access volume of the handbook series contains articles on the standard model of particle physics, both from the theoretical and experimental perspective. It also covers related topics, such as heavy-ion physics, neutrino physics and searches for new physics beyond the standard model. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the “Particle Physics Reference Library” provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access.

This first open access volume of the handbook series contains articles on the standard model of particle physics, both from the theoretical and experimental perspective. It also covers related topics, such as heavy-ion physics, neutrino physics and searches for new physics beyond the standard model. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the “Particle Physics Reference Library” provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access.

This open access book is both a memoir and a biography. Born in Czechoslovakia in 1924, Herwig Schopper is one of the few people able to bear witness to 100 years of European history. His career has taken him from research to management to diplomacy, with a major part devoted to, and inspired by, CERN.Herwig enjoyed a rich childhood, spending his summers at his grandparent’s hotel on the Adriatic coast. It is there that he developed an interest in physics though eavesdropping on holidaying professors from Budapest and Belgrade who conversed in German. His youthful idyll was shattered by the annexation of the Sudetenland, which lead to him serving in the Luftwaffe signals corps. Working as a translator for the British administration in Hamburg after the war, he also enrolled at the University and was soon granted leave to travel outside Germany for his research. So began a long string of professional relationships with leading scientists of the day: LiseMeitner, Otto Frisch, Bob Wilson, Chien Shiung Wu, Masatoshi Koshiba and Sam Ting to name but a few. Herwig came to consider them all as friends.Through his long career, Herwig has played a leading role in institutions from Erlangen to Karlsruhe, and from DESY, where he was director from 1973 to 1980, to CERN, where he served as Director-General from 1981 to 1988. Since its foundation CERN has had two major missions: to conduct first-class scientific research and to foster peaceful relations between nations. Following this example Herwig has played a key role in pioneering the deployment of science for peace, notably through the SESAME laboratory in the Middle East. This book gives a full account of Herwig’s rich and varied life and concludes with his reflections on the challenges that society faces today.

This open access book is both a memoir and a biography. Born in Czechoslovakia in 1924, Herwig Schopper is one of the few people able to bear witness to 100 years of European history. His career has taken him from research to management to diplomacy, with a major part devoted to, and inspired by, CERN.Herwig enjoyed a rich childhood, spending his summers at his grandparent’s hotel on the Adriatic coast. It is there that he developed an interest in physics though eavesdropping on holidaying professors from Budapest and Belgrade who conversed in German. His youthful idyll was shattered by the annexation of the Sudetenland, which lead to him serving in the Luftwaffe signals corps. Working as a translator for the British administration in Hamburg after the war, he also enrolled at the University and was soon granted leave to travel outside Germany for his research. So began a long string of professional relationships with leading scientists of the day: LiseMeitner, Otto Frisch, Bob Wilson, Chien Shiung Wu, Masatoshi Koshiba and Sam Ting to name but a few. Herwig came to consider them all as friends.Through his long career, Herwig has played a leading role in institutions from Erlangen to Karlsruhe, and from DESY, where he was director from 1973 to 1980, to CERN, where he served as Director-General from 1981 to 1988. Since its foundation CERN has had two major missions: to conduct first-class scientific research and to foster peaceful relations between nations. Following this example Herwig has played a key role in pioneering the deployment of science for peace, notably through the SESAME laboratory in the Middle East. This book gives a full account of Herwig’s rich and varied life and concludes with his reflections on the challenges that society faces today.

The Landoldt-Börnstein Data Collection has become known as a compilation of numerical data and functional relations. However, already in the past some volumes have been published which went beyond that objective and provided a more comprehensive summary of a special field. In agreement with the Editor-in-Chief, Prof. Werner Martienssen, Volume I/21 will be a further step in extending the purpose and in modernizing the Landoldt-Börnstein Series. This volume will provide in the style of an encyclopedia a summary of the results of particle physics and the methods and instruments to obtain this information. Subvolume I/21A reports on the present state of theoretical and experimental knowledge in particle physics. In Subvolume I/21B detectors and data handling will be covered and Subvolume I/21C will be devoted to the technology of accelerators and colliders. The time to give a summary of elementary particle physics seems to be appropriate. The results of the electron-positron collider LEPat CERN have been fully analyzed and also the data of the other facilities in operation (e.g. TEVATRON and "Beauty-factories") have achieved a certain maturity. It will take several years before new data from the LHC starting operation in 2008 will become available to indicate new ways beyond the well established "Standard Model of Particle Physics". Of course, results from n- accelerator physics continue to come in and the most recent results are reported. Since particle physics and cosmology become ever more intertwined one chapter is devoted to this topic.

Housed by a 4 m diameter tunnel of 27 km circumference, with huge underground labs and numerous surface facilities, and set up with a precision of 0.1 mm per kilometer, the Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) was not only the largest but also one of the most sophisticated scientific research instruments ever created by Man. Located at CERN, near Geneva, LEP was built during the years 1983 - 1989, was operational until 2000, and corroborated the standard model of particle physics through continuous high precision measurements. The Author, director-general of CERN during the crucial period of the construction of LEP, recounts vividly the convoluted decision-making and technical implementation processes - the tunnel alone being a highly challenging geo- and civil engineering project - and the subsequent extremely fruitful period of scientific research. Finally he describes the difficult decision to close down LEP, at a time when the discovery of the Higgs boson seemed within reach. LEP was eventually dismantled in 2000, enabling the tunnel to be reused for building the next generation machine, the much more powerful Large Hadron Collider (LHC), an upgrade then called LEP3 and foreseen from the beginning. It became operational just as this account was being completed. Written by the main protagonist responsible for making LEP a reality, this is the definitive inside story of a remarkable machine and the many thousands of scientists and engineers from around the world, whose efforts contributed to the new knowledge it produced.

Competent experts provide a summary of the enormous progress achieved in the development of new detection methods of charged and neutral particles, and photons. These achievements were initiated by the advent of new particle colliders, e.g., the LHC at CERN, but also by non-accelerator experiments. Part 1 of Subvolume B reviews the interaction of particle radiation with matter, and describes particle detectors, like, e.g., scintillation, gaseous, solid state, time-of-flight, Cerenkov, transition radiation, and neutrino detectors. Calorimetry and nuclear emulsions are considered as well. Finally, signal processing for particle detectors, data treatment and analysis methods (including detector simulation, high-level data selection, pattern recognition, distributed computing, and statistical issues) are addressed.

Competent experts provide a summary of the enormous progress achieved in the development of new detection methods of charged and neutral particles, and photons. These achievements were initiated by the advent of new particle colliders, e.g. the LHC at CERN but also by non-accelerator experiments. The present 2nd part of the handbook is devoted to the integration of detectors in large experiments, detectors for special applications, as well as the application of detectors in other fields like e.g. medicine, biology, applied physics and industry.

Volume I/25A is the first one in a series of volumes on the properties of the excited states of all nuclei. The data presented are collected from all kinds of nuclear reactions, including measurements of reactions with neutrons and γ-rays not yet fully considered in previous compilations. The nuclei considered also comprise nuclei far from the stability line. The properties of excited nuclear states are of importance for scientific and practical applications. No systematic compilation of such data has been performed so far. The present compilation has been prepared by eminent experts in the field. One of the characteristics of Landolt-Börnstein is that data are evaluated before they are accepted for compilation. The idea is to present ‘best values’ which can be used with confidence by non-experts. The present Volume I/25A is providing new data (energy levels, branching ratios, cross-sections, spectroscopic factors, etc.) for nuclei with atomic numbers Z ranging from 1 (H) to 29 (Cu) published in 2005-2010, thus supplementing previous compilations. Additionally, sections of the Introduction are devoted to isomers and nuclear collective excitations, recent trends in the theory of nuclear structure and nucleon interactions (tensor force effects, nonstatistical effects), and γ-ray cascade measurements after neutron capture. In view of the large amount of data available some of the information is given online only at www.springermaterials.com.

Volume I/25B is the second one in a series of volumes on the properties of the excited states of all nuclei. The data presented are collected from all kinds of nuclear reactions, including measurements of reactions with neutrons and γ-rays not yet fully considered in previous compilations. The nuclei considered also comprise nuclei far from the stability line. The properties of excited nuclear states are of importance for scientific and practical applications. No systematic compilation of such data has been performed so far. The present compilation has been prepared by eminent experts in the field. One of the characteristics of Landolt-Börnstein is that data are evaluated before they are accepted for compilation. The idea is to present ‘best values’ which can be used with confidence by non-experts. The present Volume I/25B is providing new data (energy levels, branching ratios, cross-sections, spectroscopic factors, etc.) for nuclei with atomic numbers Zranging from 30 (Zn) to 47 (Ag) published in 2005-2010, thus supplementing previous compilations. Additionally, sections of the Introduction are devoted to nuclear resonance fluorescence and cluster models in nuclear astrophysics. In view of the large amount of data available some of the information is given online only at www.springermaterials.com.

After a historical consideration of the types and evolution of accelerators the physics of particle beams is provided in detail. Topics dealt with comprise linear and nonlinear beam dynamics, collective phenomena in beams, and interactions of beams with the surroundings. The design and principles of synchrotrons, circular and linear colliders, and of linear accelerators are discussed next. Also technological aspects of accelerators (magnets, RF cavities, cryogenics, power supply, vacuum, beam instrumentation, injection and extraction) are reviewed, as well as accelerator operation (parameter control, beam feedback system, orbit correction, luminosity optimization). After introducing the largest accelerators and colliders of their times the application of accelerators and storage rings in industry, medicine, basic science, and energy research is discussed, including also synchrotron radiation sources and spallation sources. Finally, cosmic accelerators and an outlook for the future are given.

Volume I/25C is the third one in a series of volumes on the properties of the excited states of all nuclei. The data presented are collected from all kinds of nuclear reactions, including measurements of reactions with neutrons and γ-rays not yet fully considered in previous compilations. The nuclei considered also comprise nuclei far from the stability line.The properties of excited nuclear states are of importance for scientific and practical applications. No systematic compilation of such data has been performed so far. The present compilation has been prepared by eminent experts in the field. One of the characteristics of Landolt-Börnstein is that data are evaluated before they are accepted for compilation. The idea is to present ‘best values’ which can be used with confidence by non-experts. The present Volume I/25C is providing new data (energy levels, branching ratios, cross-sections, spectroscopic factors, etc.) for nuclei with atomic numbers Z ranging from 48 (Cd) to 60 (Nd)published in 2005-2011, thus supplementing previous compilations. Additionally, sections of the Introduction are devoted to spectroscopic information from γ-γ coincidences following the (n,γ) reaction.In view of the large amount of data available some of the information is given online only at www.springermaterials.com.

Volume I/25D is the fourth one in a series of volumes on the properties of the excited states of all nuclei. The data presented are collected from all kinds of nuclear reactions, including measurements of reactions with neutrons and γ-rays not yet fully considered in previous compilations. The nuclei considered also comprise nuclei far from the stability line. The properties of excited nuclear states are of importance for scientific and practical applications. No systematic compilation of such data has been performed so far. The present compilation has been prepared by eminent experts in the field. One of the characteristics of Landolt-Börnstein is that data are evaluated before they are accepted for compilation. The idea is to present ‘best values’ which can be used with confidence by non-experts. The present Volume I/25D is providing new data (energy levels, branching ratios, cross-sections, spectroscopic factors, etc.) for nuclei with atomic numbers Z ranging from 61 (Pm) to 73 (Ta)published in 2005-2011, thus supplementing previous compilations. Additionally, a section of the Introduction is devoted to photon scattering by nuclei. In view of the large amount of data available some of the information is given online only at www.springermaterials.com.

Volume I/25E is the last one in a series of volumes on the properties of the excited states of all nuclei. The data presented are collected from all kinds of nuclear reactions, including measurements of reactions with neutrons and γ-rays not yet fully considered in previous compilations. The nuclei considered also comprise nuclei far from the stability line. The properties of excited nuclear states are of importance for scientific and practical applications. No systematic compilation of such data has been performed so far. The present compilation has been prepared by eminent experts in the field. One of the characteristics of Landolt-Börnstein is that data are evaluated before they are accepted for compilation. The idea is to present ‘best values’ which can be used with confidence by non-experts. The present Volume I/25E is providing new data (energy levels, branching ratios, cross-sections, spectroscopic factors, etc.) for nuclei with atomic numbers Z ranging from 74 (W) to 103 (Lr) published in 2005-2011, thus supplementing previous compilations.  In view of the large amount of data available some of the information is given online only at www.springermaterials.com.

Volume I/26A is presenting newly published neutron resonance parameters for nuclei ranging from Hydrogen (Z=1) to Californium (Z=98) supplementing data published in previous Landolt-Börnstein volumes. The quality and precision of the data have been improved considerably. The data were compiled by two eminent experts in the field who undertook great efforts to compare data from different laboratories to present "best values".Accurate neutron resonance parameters embody an important contribution to improve nuclear data for a variety of applications such as the design and safe operation of nuclear reactors, the development of advanced energy production technologies, transmutation of nuclear waste, and nuclear astrophysics.Additionally, one chapter is dedicated to the characterization of materials and objects by neutron resonance spectroscopy. Transmission and capture analysis using time-of-flight measurements are described in detail. Applications ranging from archeology, astrophysics, investigation of nuclear material, thermometry or resonance imaging for the study of molten nuclear fuel are presented. Another chapter presents empirical evidence for regularities in the systematics of level spacing.In view of the large amount of data the parameters for only the most important resonances are given in the printed version, whereas the data for all resonances are available online on www.springermaterials.com. Neutron resonance parameters of many nuclei were previously published by Landolt-Börnstein in Volumes I/16B, I/16C, and I/24.

The present volume I/25G is providing new data (excitation energies, spin-parities, half-lifes, branching ratios, cross-sections, spectroscopic factors, etc.) for nuclei with atomic numbers Z ranging from 1 (H) to 53 (I) published in 2012-2013, thus updating previous compilations provided in the Landolt-Börnstein volumes I/25A-F.The data presented are collected from all kinds of nuclear reactions, including data for nuclei far from the stability line. Since the time of collection of data for the volumes I/25A-F many new data appeared from new measurements and evaluations.The properties of excited nuclear states are of importance for scientific and practical applications. No systematic compilation of such data has been performed so far. The present compilation has been prepared by two eminent experts in the field. One of the characteristics of Landolt-Börnstein is that data are evaluated before they are accepted for compilation. The idea is to present ‘best values’which can be used with confidence by non-experts.

Housed by a 4 m diameter tunnel of 27 km circumference, with huge underground labs and numerous surface facilities, and set up with a precision of 0.1 mm per kilometer, the Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) was not only the largest but also one of the most sophisticated scientific research instruments ever created by Man. Located at CERN, near Geneva, LEP was built during the years 1983 - 1989, was operational until 2000, and corroborated the standard model of particle physics through continuous high precision measurements. The Author, director-general of CERN during the crucial period of the construction of LEP, recounts vividly the convoluted decision-making and technical implementation processes - the tunnel alone being a highly challenging geo- and civil engineering project - and the subsequent extremely fruitful period of scientific research. Finally he describes the difficult decision to close down LEP, at a time when the discovery of the Higgs boson seemed within reach. LEP was eventually dismantled in 2000, enabling the tunnel to be reused for building the next generation machine, the much more powerful Large Hadron Collider (LHC), an upgrade then called LEP3 and foreseen from the beginning. It became operational just as this account was being completed. Written by the main protagonist responsible for making LEP a reality, this is the definitive inside story of a remarkable machine and the many thousands of scientists and engineers from around the world, whose efforts contributed to the new knowledge it produced.

The book is a compilation of the most important experimental results achieved during the past 60 years at CERN - from the mid-1950s to the latest discovery of the Higgs particle. Covering the results from the early accelerators at CERN to those most recent at the LHC, the contents provide an excellent review of the achievements of this outstanding laboratory. Not only presented is the impressive scientific progress achieved during the past six decades, but also demonstrated is the special way in which successful international collaboration exists at CERN.

The book is a compilation of the most important experimental results achieved during the past 60 years at CERN - from the mid-1950s to the latest discovery of the Higgs particle. Covering the results from the early accelerators at CERN to those most recent at the LHC, the contents provide an excellent review of the achievements of this outstanding laboratory. Not only presented is the impressive scientific progress achieved during the past six decades, but also demonstrated is the special way in which successful international collaboration exists at CERN.

This volume, consisting of articles written by experts with international repute and long experience, reviews the state of the art of accelerator physics and technologies and the use of accelerators in research, industry and medicine. It covers a wide range of topics, from basic problems concerning the performance of circular and linear accelerators to technical issues and related fields. Also discussed are recent achievements that are of particular interest (such as RF quadrupole acceleration, ion sources and storage rings) and new technologies (such as superconductivity for magnets and RF cavities).The book will interest not only researchers and engineers in the field of accelerator development but also users of accelerators in research and industry. Moreover, teachers giving courses on accelerators and their applications will profit by learning about the most recent achievements and future possibilities.